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遍历理论 - Wikipedia

遍历理论

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数学上,在一个概率空间上的一个保测变换T称为各态遍历的如果在T下唯一不变的可测集有测度0或1。这个性质的一个旧术语是度量推移的。遍历理论研究遍历变换,由试图证明统计物理中的遍历假设而来。

[编辑] 遍历的定义

考虑适定的函数f的时间平均。这定义为从某个初始点x开始的隔间隔T的取值的平均。

\hat f(x) = \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\;    \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} f\left(T^k x\right)

再考虑f的空间平均和相位平均,定义为

\bar f = \int f\,d\mu

其中μ是概率空间的测度

一般来说,时间平均和空间平均可能不同。 但是若变换是遍历的,而该测度不变,则时间均值和空间均值几乎处处相等。这就是著名的遍历定理,其抽象形式由George David Birkhoff给出。平均分布定理是遍历定理的一个特殊情况,专门处理单位间隔上的概率分布。


[编辑] 现代参考

  • Vladimir Igorevich Arnol'd and André Avez, Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics. New York: W.A. Benjamin. 1968.
  • Leo Breiman, Probability. Original edition published by Addison-Wesley, 1968; reprinted by Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1992. ISBN 0-89871-296-3. (See Chapter 6.)
  • Peter Walters, An introduction to ergodic theory, Springer, New York, 1982, ISBN 0-387-95152-0.
  • Tim Bedford, Michael Keane and Caroline Series, eds. (1991). Ergodic theory, symbolic dynamics and hyperbolic spaces, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853390-X. (A survey of topics in ergodic theory; with exercises.)
  • Joseph M. Rosenblatt and Máté Weirdl, Pointwise ergodic theorems via harmonic analysis, (1993) appearing in Ergodic Theory and its Connections with Harmonic Analysis, Proceedings of the 1993 Alexandria Conference, (1995) Karl E. Petersen and Ibrahim A. Salama, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-45999-0. (An extensive survey of the ergodic properties of generalizations of the equidistribution theorem of shift maps on the unit interval. Focuses on methods developed by Bourgain.)

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