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伯努利定律 - Wikipedia

伯努利定律

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流體力學中,伯努利定律描述就流體沿着一條穩定、非粘滯、不可壓縮的流線移動行為。

目录

[编辑] 物理量及定律

[编辑] 原表達形式

\frac{1}{2}\rho v^2 + \rho g h + p = \mbox{const}.
v=\; 流動速度
g=\;地心加速度(地球)
h=\;流體處於的高度(從某參考點計)
p=\;流體所受的壓強
\rho=\;流體的密度

[编辑] 定理假設

  • 非粘滯 - 流體無需抵抗與容器壁之間的粘滯力
  • 不可壓縮 - 氣體因其可壓縮性多不依循此定律;不可壓縮性可維持密度不變
  • 穩定 - 高速流動會導致紊流的出現

[编辑] 推論過程

image:BernoullisLawDerivationDiagram.png
考慮一符合上述假設的流體,如圖所示:

流體因受力的作功:

F_{1} s_{1}-F_{2} s_{2}=p_{1} A_{1} v_{1}\Delta t-p_{2} A_{2} v_{2}\Delta t. \;

流體損失的位能:

m g h_1-m g h_2 = \rho g A_1 v_1 \Delta t h_1 -\rho g A_2 v_2 \Delta t h_2.\;

流體所得的動能:

\frac{1}{2} m v_2^2 - \frac{1}{2} m v_1^2 =  \frac{1}{2} \rho A_2 v_2 \Delta t v_2^2 - \frac{1}{2} \rho A_1 v_1 \Delta t v_1^2

根據能量守恆定律,流體因受力的作功 + 流體損失的位能 = 流體所得的動能

p_1 A-1 v_1 \Delta t - p_2 A_2 v_2 \Delta t + \rho g A_1 v_1 \Delta t h_1 - \rho g A_2 v_2 \Delta t h_2 = \frac{1}{2} \rho A_2 v_2 \Delta t v_2^2 - \frac{1}{2} \rho A_1 v_1 \Delta t v_1^2
\frac{ \rho A_1 v_1 \Delta t v_1^2}{2} + \rho g A_1 v_1 \Delta t h_1 + p_1 A_1 v_1 \Delta t = \frac{ \rho A_2 v_2 \Delta t v_2^2}{2} + \rho g A_2 v_2 \Delta t h_2 + p_2 A_2 v_2 \Delta t.

等式兩邊除以\Delta t \;A_1 v_1 \; 可得:

\frac{1}{2}\rho v^2 + \rho g h + p = \mbox{const}.

[编辑] 特例:托里拆利定律

當液體因受到地心吸力的作用而流出時,其速率等於\sqrt{2gh},其中g為引力加速度,h為開口的中心和液體最高面的距離。這個速率剛好等於液體從離地h的地方自由下落,著地前的速率(假設沒有空氣阻力)。

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