Urim and Thummim

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For the kibbutz of the same name, see Kibbutz Urim. For the ancient city of Urim see Ur.

Urim and Thummim (Hebrew: אוּרִים וְתּוּמִים‎, Standard Urim vəTummim Tiberian ʾÛrîm wəṮummîm; Arabic: اوريم وتميم, Ūrīm waṮummīm) — typically translated as "lights and perfections" or "revelation and truth" — were a divination medium or process used by ancient Hebrews (usually Israelites) in revealing the will of God on a contested point of view or other problem. According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, they were also used to translate ancient manuscripts; however, their recorded use by Joseph Smith, Jr. is not in conjunction with their recorded historical use by the Hebrews.

1 Device or process
2 Biblical references
- 2.1 Christian views
3 Non-Biblical references
4 University References
5 Scriptural Passages Mentioning the Urim and Thummim
- 5.1 Hebrew scriptures
- 5.2 Mormon Scriptures
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links

[edit] Device or process

Because the words Urim and Thummim are plural and in most cases do not connote an object, the device or process could be referred to as Urim and Thummim rather than "the" Urim and Thummim (Hebrew: האורים והתמים, Standard haʾUrim vəhaTummim Tiberian hāʾÛrîm wəhatTummîm; Arabic: الاوريم والتميم al-Ūrīm waʾaṯ-Ṯummīm).

According to the teachings of Judaism, a small parchment with God's holy name, the Tetragrammaton, inscribed on it was slipped into an opening under the Urim and Thummim on the high priest's breast plate, which caused the breastplate to "glow" and thereby "transmit messages" from God to the Children of Israel.

Some scholars have suggested "the" Urim and Thummim consists of two crystals; however, the precise nature of the medium is unknown to most secular scholars. According to the Hebrew Bible, stones used for "an" Urim and Thummim were kept in the breastplate of Aaron, the brother of Moses. (In Mormonism, Joseph Smith, Jr.'s Urim and Thummim consisted of "two transparent stones set in the rim of a [silver] bow fastened to a breast plate" (History of the Church 4:537), or one of a number of "seer stones" used by Smith.

More recent scholars have pointed to the plural nature of the words to argue that there wasn't "a" certain device, but rather Urim and Thummim was the process or procedure priests used in the casting of lots and some sort of stones or jewels would be the medium. Others have pointed out that the words "Urim and Thummim," in the Hebrew, begin with the first letter (aleph, א) and the final letter (tav, ת) of the Hebrew alphabet, respectively, and have suggested that the device contained these and perhaps other letters of the Hebrew alphabet, which were used as lots to determine the response of the oracle.

There is some evidence that Urim and Thummim were/was used as a lot that provided "yes" or "no" answers, depending upon whether the Urim or the Thummim came into play, as manipulated by a Hebrew oracle. There is also evidence that the medium was used as an ordeal to establish a person's guilt or innocence.

The Septuagint text and the Masoretic text differ in the area of I Samuel 14:41. MT separates a casting of lots with using the UT, and the LXX appears to treat both as the same. Note the clear differences in these translations,

"Then Saul said, 'O Lord, God of Israel, why have you not answered your servant this day? If the guilt is in me or in Jonathan my son, O Lord, God of Israel, give Urim; and if you indicate that it is in the people of Israel, give Thummim.' And Jonathan and Saul were taken, but the people escaped." I Sam14:41 (LXX)

"And he said to all Israel, 'You will be to one side, and I and my son Jonathan will be to one side." And the people answered Saul, "Do what is good in your eyes.' And Saul said to the Lord God of Israel, "Give a perfect lot," whereupon Jonathan and Saul were taken, and the people escaped. And Saul said, "Cast lots between me and Jonathan my son;" and Jonathan was taken." 1 Samuel 14:40-42 (MT)

It is stated in the Scriptures (concerning this account), that God did not answer Saul by the UT that day (verse 37), so Saul resorted to the casting of lots instead. The casting of lots (see Leviticus 16:8) should always be viewed as distinct from the function of the UT. While the use of lots can only give a yes or no answer, we find one instance when the UT was consulted where a whole conversation took place.

[edit] Biblical references

The earliest reference to Urim and Thummim in the Hebrew Bible is that Aaron carried them with him as High Priest Exodus 28:30. Many scholars believe Urim and Thummim were originally stones that resided in the breastplate (with other precious stones) of the Jewish High Priest ceremonial clothing when he officiated in the tabernacle or temple. Upon the death of Aaron and Moses, Joshua was instructed to present himself to the high priest for the counsel of the Urim and Thummim when he wished to consult God. This was in contrast to Moses, who was believed to speak to God directly, and indicated that Joshua would not normally receive direct revelation. The last agreed-upon reference to Urim and Thummim in the Bible is in Ezra and Nehemiah when, as the Temple and its worship practices are being restored, those who cannot prove their lineage as priests are commanded to wait for a priest who was worthy to use the Urim and Thummim to confirm their eligibility. This seems to indicate that the Urim and Thummim were present, but that there was no one left at the time with sufficient authority to use them.

[edit] Christian views

Some feel that "Urim and Thummim" is another name for the casting of lots (or stones, etc.), rather than a device that is used as a medium. Because of this context, some traditions ^{[citation needed]} hold that the choosing of Matthias to replace Judas Iscariot in the book of Acts by the casting of lot was done by Urim and Thummim, rather than by "the" Urim and Thummim. In either case, Urim and Thummim is not mentioned specifically in Biblical text in regard to this calling.

[edit] Non-Biblical references

[edit] Mormonism

Urim and Thummim play a role in Mormonism. Joseph Smith, Jr. claimed to have used devices, which he later referred to as the Urim and Thummim, in the translation of the Book of Mormon from metal plates. Smith also reportedly used the medium to assist in receiving divine revelation, such as in dictating some of the sections of the Doctrine and Covenants as well as to facilitate some portions of the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible. Many associates of Smith saw the Urim and Thummim; however, there is only one known case of another (Oliver Cowdery) attempting to use them to receive revelation (Section 9).

According to an account of Martin Harris as remembered by Charles Anthon, the Urim and Thummim were a large pair of golden eyeglasses, big enough that one man could look through a single lens with both eyes.^[1]

The LDS Bible Dictionary defines the Urim and Thummim as "an instrument prepared of God to assist man in obtaining revelation from the Lord and in translating languages." In the Book of Mormon the prophets the Brother of Jared and Mosiah both used devices called "interpreters" to receive revelation for their people. The Doctrine and Covenants clarifies that the interpreters are indeed Urim and Thummim. The use of a Urim and Thummim in Mormonism relates to the function of a seer, although Latter-day Saints will acknowledge that anyone with the gift of prophecy may at times see visions.

[edit] Freemasonry

Masonic legend (taught during the 13, 14 and 21 degrees ceremonies of Masonry) and Kabbalistic tradition state that Urim and Thummin were part of the recovered artifacts taken from Solomon's Temple after Hiram Abif was murdered while protecting the temple treasury. According to the legend, Urim and Thummin and other recovered treasure were placed back in the temple treasury.

Joseph Smith, Jr., the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who claimed to have translated The Book of Mormon from ancient texts using the Urin and Thummim, was also a high ranking Mason.

[edit] Popular culture

In popular literature, a treasure hunt for "the" Urim and Thummim (as a unique artifact) forms the central plot of the John Bellairs novel The Revenge of the Wizard's Ghost, or its apparent desecration by a vandal unknown in the Arthur Conan Doyle short story "The Jew's Breastplate".

In the Christian fiction novel The Face of God by Bill Myers, the pastor Daniel Lawson and terrorist Ibrahim el-Magd race to find the Urim and Thummim as well as the twelve stones of the high priest's breastplate mentioned in the Old Testament in order to hear God's voice.

It has been suggested that the descriptions of the Urim and Thummim provide substantiation for paleocontact theory.

In the novel The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, an old man who claims to be the king of Salem gives Santiago (the main character, also known as "the boy") two stones, one white, one black and tells him that they are called Urim and Thummim. He continues on to say that these stones can be used to make decisions, the black signifying "yes" and the white signifying "no". It is interesting to note that this old man was wearing a shining golden breastplate, wherein the stones rested before being given to Santiago.

In the film The Dark Crystal, a Healer from the mystic urRu race is named urIm, probably after Urim and Thummim. In addition to the name, urIm references esoteric devices by using acupuncture, baths, and amulets to restore balance to his fellow urRu, and by making patterns in the air and water with his many hands to reduce and restore the "fires of the soul".

[edit] University References

The Biblical Hebrew "Urim and Thummim" (אורים ותמים) is emblazoned across the open book pictured on the Yale University shield, a legacy of Yale College president Ezra Stiles. It is translated in Latin on a banner below as "Lux et Veritas" ("Light and Truth").

"Lux et Veritas" is the motto of Indiana University and the University of Montana.

[edit] Scriptural Passages Mentioning the Urim and Thummim

[edit] Hebrew scriptures

Judaica Press Translation:

Exodus 28:30 - You shall place the Urim and the Tummim into the choshen of judgment so that they will be over Aaron's heart when he comes before the Lord, and Aaron will carry the judgment of the children of Israel over his heart before the Lord at all times.
Leviticus 8:8 - And he placed the choshen upon him, and he inserted into the choshen the Urim and the Tummim.
Numbers 27:21 - He shall stand before Eleazar the kohen and seek [counsel from] him through the judgment of the Urim before the Lord. By his word they shall go, and by his word they shall come; he and all Israel with him, and the entire congregation.
Deutoronomy 33:8 - And of Levi he said: "Your Tummim and Urim belong to Your pious man, whom You tested at Massah and whom You tried at the waters of Meribah,
1 Samuel 28:6 - And Saul inquired of the Lord, and the Lord did not answer; neither by dreams, nor by the Urim, nor by the prophets.
Ezra 2:63 - And Hattirshatha said to them that they should not eat of the most holy sacrifices until a priest arises for the Urim and the Tumim.
Nehemiah 7:65 - And Hattirshatha said to them that they should not eat of the most holy sacrifices until a priest arises for the Urim and the Tumim.