ఆర్మేనియా

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(జండా)	(చిహ్నం)

ప్రమాణం: Armenian: Մեկ Ազգ , Մեկ Մշակույթ
(Transliteration: Mek Azg, Mek Mshakouyt)
(Translation: "One Nation, One Culture")

జాతీయ గీతం: Mer Hayrenik
("Our Fatherland")

రాజధాని Yerevan
40°16′N″44, 34°E′type:city″{{{8}}}

పెద్ద నగరము Yerevan

అధికార భాషలు Armenian

ప్రభుత్వము

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Republic
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Independence
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వైశాల్యము
• మొత్తం
• నీరు(%) 29 800 km² (139th)
4.7

జనాభా
• 2005 అంచనా
• 1989 గణన
• జన సాంద్రత 3,016,000 (136th)
3,288,000
100/km² (73rd)

జి.డి.పి (పి.పి.పి)
• మొత్తం
• తలసరి 2005 అంచనా
$13.65 billion (118th)
$4,600 (119th)

కరెన్సీ Dram (AMD)

కాల మానము
• వేసవి (DST) UTC (UTC+4)
DST (UTC+5)

ఇంటర్నెట్ TLD .am

ఫోను కోడ్ +374

{{{footnotes}}}

The Republic of ఆర్మేనియా, or ఆర్మేనియా (ఆర్మేనియన్: Հայաստան Hayastan, Hayq), is a landlocked country in southern Caucasus, between the నల్ల సముద్రము and the కాస్పియన్ సముద్రము, bordered by టర్కీ to the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan in the east and ఇరాన్ and the Naxçıvan exclave of Azerbaijan in the south. ఆర్మేనియా is a member of the Council of Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States and for centuries has been on the crossroads between West and East.

[మార్చు] పేరు పుట్టుపూర్వోత్తరాలు

The original ఆర్మేనియన్ name for the country was Hayq, later Hayastan, translated as the land of Haik, and consisting of the name Haik and the Persian suffix stan (land). According to legend, Haik was a great-great-grandson of Noah (son of Togarmah, who was a son of Gomer, a son of Noah's son, Yafet), and according to Christian tradition, a forefather of all Armenians. He is said to have settled below Mount Ararat, traveled to assist in building the Tower of Babel, and, after his return, defeated the Assyrian king Nimrod near Lake Van in present-day Turkey.

Hayastan was given the name ఆర్మేనియా by its neighbors, as it was the name of the strongest tribe living in the historic ఆర్మేనియన్ lands, who called themselves Armens. It is traditionally derived from Armenak or Aram (the great-grandson of Haik's great-grandson, and another leader who is, according to Armenian tradition, the ancestor of all ఆర్మేనియన్s). Some Jewish and Christian scholars write that the name 'ఆర్మేనియా' was derived from Har-Minni, i.e. 'Mountains of Minni' (ie Mannai). Pre-Christian accounts suggest that Nairi, meaning land of rivers, was an ancient name for the country's mountainous region, first used by Greek historians around 800 BC; while the first recorded inscription bearing the name ఆర్మేనియా, namely the Behistun Inscription in Iran, dates from 521 BC.

[మార్చు] చరిత్ర

ఆర్మేనియా was a regional empire with a rich culture in the years leading up to the 1st Century, spanning from the shores of the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea during the rule of Tigranes the Great. In 301, ఆర్మేనియా was the first state to adopt Christianity as its official state religion, twelve years before Rome. There had been variouspagan communities settlements before Christianity, but they were converted by the success of the Christian missionaries. It also changed between various dynasties. But after Parthian (Iranian), Roman, Arab, Mongol and Persian occupation, ఆర్మేనియా was substantially weakened. In 1454, the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia divided ఆర్మేనియా among themselves.

In 1813 and 1828, present-day ఆర్మేనియా (consisting of the Erivan and Karabakh khanates) was temporarily incorporated into the Russian Empire. After briefly existing as an independent state, in 1920 ఆర్మేనియా was incorporated into the USSR as the ఆర్మేనియన్ SSR.

During the final years of the Ottoman Empire (1915-1923), a great number of ఆర్మేనియns in eastern Anatolia (known to ఆర్మేనియns as Western ఆర్మేనియా) were killed in a series of events now known as the ఆర్మేనియాn Genocide, officially recognized by some countries as the first genocide of the 20th Century. Between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 ఆర్మేనియాns died in the events. Despite the massive evidence to the contrary, the Turkish government continues to deny that these deaths resulted from mass deportation and eradication efforts by the Ottoman State, and therefore claims that they did not amount to 'genocide'. Instead, it maintains that they resulted from self-defense as most ఆర్మేనియాns allied with Russia during the war, civil war, disease and famine, with casualties to both sides. The ఆర్మేనియాn Genocide is recognized in numerous countries including France, Belgium, and Russia. Numerous US states have also recognized the killings as genocide. In a vain effort to further its cause Turkey has asked the ఆర్మేనియాn government to create a commission to investigate both claims. The deaths are commemorated by ఆర్మేనియాns worldwide on April 24th. On May 24 of the same year, the term "Crime against humanity" was used for the first time to describe what was happening then.

The ఆర్మేనియాn diaspora strongly lobbies to draw parallels between the ఆర్మేనియాn Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust which followed two decades later. One question often raised, is whether later genocides such as the Holocaust and those in Cambodia, Bosnia, Rwanda and Darfur (Sudan) and elsewhere, could have been prevented, or at least limited, had the ఆర్మేనియాn Genocide been better recognized, at the time, and up to today.

ఆర్మేనియాn leaders remain preoccupied by a long conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, an ఆర్మేనియాn-populated enclave that Stalin had placed in Soviet Azerbaijan. ఆర్మేనియా and Azerbaijan began fighting over the enclave in 1988 and the struggle escalated after both countries gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic ఆర్మేనియాn forces controlled not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a large part of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution and by mutual economic blockades.

[మార్చు] రాజకీయాలు

The Government of ఆర్మేనియా's stated aim is to build a Western-style parliamentary democracy as the basis of its form of government. However, international observers have questioned the inherent fairness of ఆర్మేనియా's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referenda since 1995, citing polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the electoral commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places. For the most part however, ఆర్మేనియా is considered one of the most pro-democratic nations in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The unicameral parliament (also called the National Assembly) is controlled by a coalition of three political parties: the conservative Republican party [1], the ఆర్మేనియాn Revolutionary Federation, and the Country of Law party. The main opposition is comprised by several smaller parties joined in the Justice Bloc.

ఆర్మేనియాns voted overwhelmingly for independence in a September 1991 referendum. Levon Ter-Petrossian was president until January 1998, when public demonstrations against his increasingly authoritarian regime and his domestic and foreign policies forced his resignation. In 1999, the assassination of Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsian, parliament Speaker Karen Demirchian, and six other officials led to a period of political instability. President Robert Kocharian was successful in riding out the unrest, and currently rules with the support of the parliamentary coalition.

[మార్చు] పాలనా విభాగాలు

ఆర్మేనియా is divided into 11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz):

Aragatsotn (Արագածոտնի մարզ)
Ararat (Արարատի մարզ)
Armavir (Արմավիրի մարզ)
Geghark'unik' (Գեղարքունիքի մարզ)
Kotayk' (Կոտայքի մարզ)
Lorri (Լոռու մարզ)
Shirak (Շիրակի մարզ)
Syunik' (Սյունիքի մարզ)
Tavush (Տավուշի մարզ)
Vayots' Dzor (Վայոց Ձորի մարզ)
యెరెవాన్ (Երևան)

[మార్చు] భౌగోళికము

Map of ఆర్మేనియా

ఆర్మేనియా is a landlocked country in Asia Minor, between the Black and the Caspian Seas, bordered on the north and east by Georgia and Azerbaijan and on the south and west by Iran and Turkey.

The terrain is mostly mountainous, with fast flowing rivers and few forests. The climate is highland continental: hot summers and cold winters. The land rises to 4,095 m above sea-level at Mount Aragats, and no point is below 400m.

Pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT is not helping the already poor soil quality in many parts of the county. A Turkish communications blockade, due to the conflict with Azerbaijan, has led to deforestation.

ఆర్మేనియా is trying to address its environmental problems. It has established a Ministry of Nature Protection and introduced taxes for air and water pollution and solid waste disposal, whose revenues are used for environmental protection activities. ఆర్మేనియా is interested in cooperating with other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS, a group of 12 former Soviet republics) and with members of the international community on environmental issues. The ఆర్మేనియాn Government is working toward closing the ఆర్మేనియాn Nuclear Power Plant as soon as alternative energy sources are identified.

[మార్చు] ఆర్ధిక వ్యవస్థ

Until independence, ఆర్మేనియా's economy was largely industry-based — chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile — and highly dependent on outside resources. Agriculture contributed only 20% of net material product and 10% of employment before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. Armenian mines produce copper, zinc, gold, and lead. The vast majority of energy is produced with fuel imported from Russia, including gas and nuclear fuel (for its one nuclear power plant); the main domestic energy source is hydroelectric. Small amounts of coal, gas, and petroleum have not yet been developed.

Like other New Independent States of the former Soviet Union, ఆర్మేనియా's economy suffers from the legacy of a centrally planned economy and the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of ఆర్మేనియాn industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. The closure of Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy, because ఆర్మేనియా depends on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials. Land routes through Georgia and Iran are inadequate or unreliable. GDP fell nearly 60% from 1989 until 1992-1993. The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993.

Nevertheless, the Government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. ఆర్మేనియా has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious stone processing and jewelry making, information and communication technology, and even tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors in the economy, such as agriculture.

This steady economic progress has earned ఆర్మేనియా increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit, stabilizing the currency; developing private businesses; energy; the agriculture, food processing, transportation, and health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on February 5, 2003.

A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a Law on Privatization was adopted in 1997, as well as a program on state property privatization. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making strides against corruption.

[మార్చు] ప్రజలు

ఆర్మేనియా is the second most densely populated of the former Soviet republics.

Yet, it has a problem of population decline. Widespread emigration is one of the most serious problems ఆర్మేనియా has been facing since the break-up of the USSR. A drastically reduced birth rate is not nearly sufficient to keep the population from dropping in the long term. Some observers estimate that as many as one-third of ఆర్మేనియా's population lives in Russia illegally, and that ఆర్మేనియా has no more than about two million residents. This would appear to pose an existential threat to the ఆర్మేనియాn nation, especially if Azerbaijan, which has had a much lesser problem with demographic decline, seeks to regain its lost territory.

ఆర్మేనియా is a primarily Oriental Christian Orthodox country. The roots of the ఆర్మేనియాn Church trace back to the 3rd and 4th centuries. ఆర్మేనియా is considered the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion, in 301 CE. Over 90% of ఆర్మేనియాn believers belong to the ఆర్మేనియాn Apostolic Church, a form of Oriental (Non-Chalcedonian) Orthodoxy, which is a very ritualistic, conservative church, roughly comparable to the Coptic and Syrian churches. ఆర్మేనియా also has a population of evangelical Protestants, Catholics and believers of the ఆర్మేనియాn traditional religion. The Yazidi, who live in the western part of the country, practice Yazidism. The ఆర్మేనియాn Catholic Church is headquartered in Bzoummar, Lebanon.

Ethnic Kurds and Azeris who lived in the country before the Karabakh conflict practiced Islam, but most Azeris fled to Azerbaijan in 1988-1991 in the beginning of the conflict. During the same period, ఆర్మేనియా also received a large influx of ఆర్మేనియాns fleeing Azerbaijan.

[మార్చు] బయటి లింకులు మరియు మూలములు

మూస:ఐరోపా మూస:Southwest Asia మూస:Commonwealth of Independent States

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