کوسټاريکا
From Wikipedia
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| Motto: ¡Pura vida! (unofficial)[1] (Popular saying translating to "Pure life!" Can be used both as a question or and exclamative answer) |
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| ملي ترانه: Noble patria, tu hermosa bandera | |||||
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| پلازمېنه | San José |
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| لوی ښار | San José | ||||
| (رسمي ژبه/ ژبې) | Spanish | ||||
| حکومت
President
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Democratic Republic Abel Pacheco |
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| خپلواکي From Spain |
September 15, 1821 | ||||
| مساحت • ټولټال • اوبه (%) |
51,100 km² {{{مساحتي وېش}}} 19,725 mi² 0.7% |
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| د وګړو شمېر • 2005 est. • [[As of |]] census • ګڼه ګونه |
{{{د وګړو اټکل}}} (122nd) 81.40/km² (91st) {{{د وګړو ګڼه ګونهmi²}}}/mi² |
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| GDP (PPP) • ټولټال • Per capita |
2005 estimate $40.32 billion (85th) $10,000 (65th) |
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| HDI (2003) | 0.838 (47th) – high | ||||
| پېسه | colón (CRC) |
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| د ساعت توپير • Summer (DST) |
{{{وخت}}} (UTC-6) (UTC) |
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| د انټرنېت م.م(TLD) | .cr | ||||
| هېوادنی کوډ | |||||
| ټيليفوني پېل ګڼ | +506 |
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The Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: República de Costa Rica, IPA: [re'puβlika ðe 'kosta 'rika]) is a country in Central America, bordered by نيکاراګوا to the north, پاناما to the south-southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. Costa Rica was the first country in the world to constitutionally abolish its army.
نيوليک |
[سمادول] History of Costa Rica
- Main article: History of Costa Rica
In Pre-Columbian times the Native Americans in what is now Costa Rica were part of the Intermediate Area located between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions. This has recently been redefined to include the Isthmo-Colombian area, defined by the presence of groups that spoke Chibchan languages. These groups are also believed to have created the Stone spheres of Costa Rica, between 200 BC and AD 1600.
The native people of the Mayans and Aztecs were conquered by Spain in the 16th century. Costa Rica was then the southernmost province in the Spanish territory of New Spain. The provincial capital was in Cartago.
After briefly joining the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide (see: History of Mexico and Mexican Empire), Costa Rica became a state in the United Provinces of Central America (see: History of Central America) from 1823 to 1839. In 1824, the capital moved to San José. From the 1840s on, Costa Rica was an independent nation.
Costa Rica has avoided the violence that has plagued Central America; it is seen as an example of political stability in the region, and is referred to as the "Switzerland of the Americas". Since the late 19th century only two brief periods of violence have marred its democratic development. In 1949, José Figueres Ferrer abolished the army; and since then Costa Rica has been one of the few countries to operate within the democratic system without the assistance of a military.
Costa Rica (Spanish for "Rich Coast"), although still a largely agricultural country, has achieved a relatively high standard of living. Land ownership is widespread and Electronics is a rapidly expanding industry.
[سمادول] Geography
Costa Rica is located on the Central American isthmus, 10° North of the equator and 84° West of the Prime Meridian. It borders both the Caribbean Sea (to the east) and the North Pacific Ocean (to the west), with a total of 1,290 kilometres (802 mi) of coastline (212 km / 132 mi on the Caribbean coast and 1,016 km / 631 mi on the Pacific).
Costa Rica also borders Nicaragua to the north (309 km / 192 mi of border) and Panama to the south-southeast (639 km / 397 mi of border). In total, Costa Rica comprises 51,100 square kilometers (19,730 sq. mi), of which 50,610 square kilometers (19,540 sq. mi) is land and 440 square kilometers (170 sq. mi) is water, making it slightly smaller than the U.S. state of West Virginia and about half the size of Ireland.
The highest point in the country is Cerro Chirripo, with 3,810 metres (12,500 ft), the second highest peak in Central America, after Volcan Tajumulco in Guatemala. The highest volcano in the country is the Irazú Volcano (3,431 m or 11,257 ft).
Costa Rica also comprises several islands. Cocos Island stands out because of its distance from continental landmass (24 km² or 9.25 sq mi, 500 km or 310 mi from Puntarenas coast), but Calero Island is the biggest island of the country (151.6 km² or 58.5 sq mi).
The largest lake in Costa Rica is Lake Arenal. The country is highly recognized and praised for its national park system: a developed and progressive system which stresses ecotourism. Costa Rica protects over 25% of its national territory within national parks.
[سمادول] Politics
- Main article: Politics of Costa Rica
Costa Rica is a democratic republic with a strong constitution. It is seen as one of the most stable countries in Latin America. Costa Rica has avoided the violence that has plagued Central America; it is seen as an example of political stability in the region, and is referred to as the "Switzerland of the Americas". Executive responsibilities are vested in a president, who is the country's center of power. There also are two vice presidents and a 15-member cabinet that includes one of the vice presidents. The president and 57 Legislative Assembly deputies are elected for 4-year terms. A constitutional amendment approved in 1969 limited presidents and deputies to one term, although a deputy may run again for an Assembly seat after sitting out a term. An amendment to the constitution to allow second presidential terms was proposed and also the constitutionality of the prohibition against a second presidential term has been challenged in the courts. In April 2003 the prohibition was officially recognized, in a highly polemic resolution, as anti-constitutional allowing Óscar Arias (Nobel Peace Prize, 1987) to run for President a second time in the upcoming 2006 elections. Arias is a promoter of free trade and supports the free trade agreement with the United States which is the source of a great controversy that might develop in protests around the country in the upcoming months. Costa Rica uses a form of proportional representation to elect its national legislative body.
Governors appointed by the president head the country's seven provinces, but they exercise little power. There are no provincial legislatures. Autonomous state agencies enjoy considerable operational independence; they include the telecommunications and electrical power monopoly, the nationalized commercial banks, the state insurance monopoly, and the social security agency. Costa Rica has no military by constitution but maintains domestic Police and armed National Guard forces for internal security.
See also: Military of Costa Rica
[سمادول] Provinces
- Main article: Provinces of Costa Rica
Costa Rica consists of six provinces:
- Alajuela (central; north of capital San José, agriculture and industrial manufacturing)
- Cartago (former Costa Rican Provicial capital during colonial times)
- Guanacaste (north-west, important touristic and agricultural area)
- Heredia (central; north of capital, manufacturing and core of Costa Rica's IT industry)
- Limón (caribbean coast, agricultural and eco-tourism area)
- Puntarenas (along most of the Pacific coast, with a large bulge in the south-west and a smaller one at the northern end at both sides of the Golfo de Nicoya, where the homonymous capital is located)
- San José (Capital) (political and economical center of Costa Rica, see image below)
[سمادول] Economy
- Main article: Economy of Costa Rica
Costa Rica's economy was based on agriculture (coffee, bananas, pineapples, ornamentals), but in recent times ecotourism, electronics,pharmaceutics, financial outsourcing and software develoment are in the actuality the main sources of business. Costa Rica's location in the Central American isthmus provides easy access to American markets as it has the same time zone as the central part of the United States and direct ocean access to Europe and Asia.
The economy has been expanding for Costa Rica in part because the Government had implemented a seven year plan of expansion in the high tech industry. The central government offers tax exemptions for those who are willing to invest in the country. High levels of education among its residents make the country an attractive investing location. Several global high tech corporations have already started developing in the area exporting goods including chip manufacturer Intel and pharmaceutical companies such as Procter & Gamble and Glaxo Smith Kline. Trade with South East Asia and Russia has boomed during 2004 and 2005, and the country is expected to obtain full Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) membership by 2007 (the country became an observer in 2004).
For the fiscal year 2005 the country showed a government deficit of 2.1%, internal revenue increased an 18%, exports increased a 12.8% and the number of visiting tourists increased a 19%, reaching 1.5 million people. Economic growth stood at 4.2%, nevertheless the country faced high inflation (14%) and a trade deficit of 5.2%.
The unit of currency is the colón (CRC), which trades around 500 to the U.S. dollar; currently about 600 to the euro.
[سمادول] Foreign affairs
While Costa Rica is not expected to join the tide of new left-leaning governments in Latin America, its foreign policy does not always line up with the interests of the USA. Costa Rica is a member of the International Criminal Court and rejected U.S. offers to set up a security training center in the country on the grounds that a country with no army could not harbor a center with possible military purposes. The U.S. instead set up such a center in El Salvador, a country alleged to have a tradition of human rights equivocacy.
Costa Rica has no embassy in Cuba, but does have an embassy in Israel, and has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China in Taiwan, not the People's Republic of China.
Costa Rica is currently a member of the Cairns Group, an alliance of countries opposed to agricultural subsidies in the first world.
Costa Rica's main foreign policy objective is to foster human rights and sustainable development as a way to secure stability and growth. Nevertheless, economic pragmatism may prevail over ideology. For instance, during the Cold War Costa Rica was the first Central American country to have diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union as a way to boost its coffee exports, to the dismay of the Nixon administration.
[سمادول] Flora and Fauna
Costa Rica is home to a rich variety of plants and animals. While the country has only about 0.1% of the world's land mass, it contains 5% of the world's biodiversity. As Costa Rica has no military or navy, but an abundance of wildlife, it has been said that the soldiers are the leaf cutter ants, the pilots are the macaws and the navy ships are the whales. Over 25% of Costa Rica is composed of protected forests and reserves.
One national park that is internationally renowned among ecologists for its biodiversity (including big cats and tapirs) and where visitors can expect to see an abundance of wildlife is the Corcovado National Park.
Tortuguero National Park (the name Tortuguero can be translated as turtle catcher or turtle hunter) is home to spider, howler and White-throated Capuchin monkeys, the Three-toed sloth, 320 species of birds (including eight species of parrots), a variety of reptiles, but is mostly recognized for the annual nesting of the endangered green turtle. is considered the most important nesting site for this species. Giant leatherback, hawksbill, and loggerhead turtles also nest here.
The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve hosts 2,000 plant species including numerous orchids. Over 400 types of birds can be found here, as well as over 100 species of mammals. Costa Rica as a whole has about 600 species of birds. The entity entrusted to do genetic and biochemical prospection on Costa Rica's biological wealth is the INBIO (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad), and it is allowed to collect royalties on any biological discoveries of medical importance.
Also see:
- Wildlife of Costa Rica
- List of birds of Costa Rica
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad [2]
[سمادول] Demographics
- Main article: Demographics of Costa Rica
In 2005, Costa Rica had a estimated population of 4,016,173 persons. The majority of people in Costa Rica are mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian) to various degrees, though the Spanish element often predominates an most simply consider themselves white. There is also a large unmixed European minority (primarily Spanish). Together, mestizos and whites account for a combined 94% of the population. Some 3% of the population is of black African descent, and are mostly English-speaking descendants of 19th-century black Jamaican immigrant workers. Another 1% is composed of ethnic Chinese.
The indigenous population today numbers less than 1%, or around 29,000 individuals. In Guanacaste Province, a significant portion of the population descends from a mix of the Chorotega Amerindians, Bantu Africans and Spaniards. There is also a small expat community of American and Canadian retirees.
[سمادول] Culture
- Main article: Culture of Costa Rica
The locals refer to themselves as tico, maje or mae (sort of "man", actually maje means "dumb") idiom in a very popular and "only with close friends" way, or tica (female). "Tico" comes from the locally popular usage of "tico" diminutive suffixes (eg. 'momentico' instead of 'momentito'). The tico ideal is that of a very friendly, helpful, laid back, unhurried, educated and environmentally aware people, with little worry for deadlines or the "normal" stresses of United States life. Visitors from the United States are often referred to as gringos, which is virtually always congenial in nature. The phrase "Pura Vida" (literally pure life) is a motto ubiquitous in Costa Rica. It encapsulates the pervading ideology of living in peace in a calm, unflustered manner, appreciating a life surrounded by nature and family and friends.
Costa Rican traditions and culture tend to retain a strong degree of Spanish influence. Their spoken accent is rather closer to certain areas of Colombia than its Central American counterparts. Costa Rica boasts a varied history. Costa Rica was the point where the Mesoamerican and South American native cultures met. The northwest of the country, Nicoya, was the southernmost point of Nahuatl cultural influence when the Spanish conquerors (conquistadores) came in the 16th century. The center and southern portions of the country had Chibcha influences. However, the indigenous people have influenced modern Costa Rican culture to a relatively small degree, as most of the Indians died from disease and mistreatment by the Spaniards. The Atlantic coast, meanwhile, was populated with African slaves in the 17th and 18th centuries, although most Caribbean Costa Ricans of African ascent descend from Jamaican workers brought in during the 19th century to work in the construction of railways connecting the urban populations of the Central Plateau to the port of Limon on the Caribbean coast. During the 19th century Chinese and Italian immigrants came to the country to work on the construction of the railroad system as well
[سمادول] Famous Costa Ricans
- Óscar Arias Sánchez, Nobel Peace Prize winner (1987) and President of the Republic (1986–1990)
- José Figueres Ferrer, National caudillo and President of the Republic (1948–1949, 1953–1958, and 1970–1974.
- Franklin Chang Díaz, Astronaut
- Clodomiro Picado Twight, Toxicologist
- Claudia Poll. Olympic gold medallist
- Juan Santamaría. National hero
- Chavela Vargas, singer
- Maribel Guardia, singer, actress, model
- Debi Nova, singer
- Paulo Wanchope, soccer player
[سمادول] See also
- Art of Costa Rica
- Culture of Costa Rica
- Communications in Costa Rica
- Cuisine of Costa Rica
- Demographics of Costa Rica
- Economy of Costa Rica
- Foreign relations of Costa Rica
- Geography of Costa Rica
- History of Costa Rica
- Language schools in Costa Rica
- List of Presidents of Costa Rica
- Military of Costa Rica
- Museums of Costa Rica
- Music of Costa Rica
- Politics of Costa Rica
- Transportation in Costa Rica
- Costa Rica national football team
- Universities of Costa Rica
- University of Costa Rica
[سمادول] References
- ^ Article concerning the saying "pura vida"
- Some of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.
- Economic information for 2005 comes from the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Preliminary Balance Document for 2005 (in Spanish)[3]
[سمادول] External links
Template:Sisterlinks
- Wikitravel guide to Costa Rica
- ICT official tourism site (English|Spanish|Deutsch|Français)
- CambioDelDolar.com - Up to date exchange rate of the Costa Rica colón as sold and bought in every authorized financial institution (they can vary greatly) as well as news pertaining the subject
- Banco Central de Costa Rica Central Bank Costa Rica
- Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica (In Spanish)
- Costa Rica City Guide - Message Board and Photo Gallery (free site)
- Instituto Costarricense de Turismo Official Costa Rican Tourism Portal
- Links by the government web site
- Map of Costa Rica
- Virtual Tours of Costa Rica
Template:North America Template:Central America
