ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನ
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ಈ ಪುಟವು ಲೇಖನ ಶೈಲಿಯ ಕೈಪಿಡಿಯ ಭಾಗವಾಗಿದ್ದು,ಇದನ್ನು ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ನಿಯಮಾವಳಿ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದ ಹಲವಾರು ಲೇಖಕರ ಸಹಮತಿಯಿಂದ ಇದನ್ನು ನಿರೂಪಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದ ಲೇಖನಗಳು ಈ ನಿಯಮಾವಳಿಗಳನ್ನು ಪಾಲಿಸುವುದು ಅತ್ಯಾವಶ್ಯಕ. ಈ ನಿಯಮಾವಳಿಗಳಿಗೆ ನೀವು ಅಗತ್ಯವೆನಿಸಿವ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಬಹುದು, ಆದರೆ ಮಹತ್ವದ ಬಲಲಾವಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡುವ ಮುನ್ನ ಚರ್ಚೆ ಪುಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಚರ್ಚಿಸಿ. |
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ಈ ಲೇಖನವನ್ನು Citing Sources ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಪುಟದಿಂದ ಅನುವಾದ ಮಾಡಬೇಕಿದೆ. ನೀವೂ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು.
| ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ನೀತಿಗಳು |
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| ಲೇಖನಗಳ ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟ |
| ತಟಸ್ತ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋಣ ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಬಲ್ಲ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ಸ್ವಂತ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ ಸಲ್ಲದು ಮೂಲಗಳ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಎಂದರೆ ಏನಲ್ಲ ಜೀವಂತವಾಗಿರುವರ ಆತ್ಮಚರಿತ್ರೆಗಳು |
| ಇತರರೊಡನೆ ಸಹಯೋಗ |
| ಸದುದ್ದೇಶವಿದೆಯೆಂದು ನಂಬಿ ನಾಗರೀಕತೆ ಹಾಗು ಶಿಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ ವೈಯುಕ್ತಿಕ ದಾಳಿ ಸಲ್ಲದು ಬಿಕ್ಕಟ್ಟು ನಿವಾರಣೆ |
ಈ ಪುಟವು ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದ ಲೇಖನ ಶೈಲಿಯ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ಒಂದು ಲೇಖನ. ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುವ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ನೀಡುವುದು ಇದರ ಉದ್ದೇಶ. ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯಾದ ಎರಡು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ನೀತಿಗಳಾದ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ವಂತ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ ಸಲ್ಲದು ಹಾಗು ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಬಲ್ಲ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ಗಳನ್ವಯ ಲೇಖನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನೀಡಿದ ಮಾಹಿತಿಗೆ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುವುದು ಅತ್ಯಾವಶ್ಯಕ. ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡದ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ತೆಗೆಯುವ ಹಕ್ಕು ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಲೇಖಕರಿಗೂ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ನಂಬಿಕೆಗರ್ಹ ಮೂಲಗಳ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ಮಾಹಿತಿಗಾಗಿ ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ನಂಬಿಕಸ್ಥ ಮೂಲಗಳು ಲೇಖನವನ್ನು ನೋಡಿರಿ. ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ಲೇಖನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಮೂಲಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುವ ಮಹತ್ವವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಯಲು ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಜೀವಂತವಾಗಿರುವರ ಆತ್ಮಚರಿತ್ರೆಗಳು ಲೇಖನವನ್ನು ನೋಡಿರಿ.
ಮೂಲ ಲೇಖನಗಳಿಂದ ಸಾಲುಗಳನ್ನು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸುವಾಗ,ಚರ್ಚಾಸ್ಪದ ಅಧವಾ ವಿವಾದಗ್ರಸ್ತ ವಿಷಯಗಳ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ಲೇಖನಗಳು,ಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪಿಸಲಾದ ಯಾವುದೋ ಒಂದು ವಸ್ತು ಇತರ ವಸ್ತುಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಉತ್ತಮ ಹಾಗೂ ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಸಮಾನವಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬಿತ್ಯಾದಿ ಮಾಹಿತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸುವಾಗ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳ ಮಹತ್ವ ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತದೆ.ನಿಮಗೆ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಫಾರ್ಮಾಟ್ ಮಾಡಬೇಕೆಂದು ತಿಳಿಯದಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ, ಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇರಿಸಿದರಾಯಿತು, ಇತರ ಲೇಖಕರು ಅದನ್ನು ನಿಮಗಾಗಿ ಸರಿಪಡಿಸುವರು.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] ಏಕೆ ಮೂಲಗಳನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಬೇಕು
- ಜೀವಂತ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ಕುರಿತಾದ ವಿಷಯವು ನಂಬಲರ್ಹ ಮೂಲಗಳಿಂದ ಬಂದಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಜೀವಂತವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ಚರಿತ್ರೆಗೆ ಅನುಗುಣವಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಖಾತರಿಪಡಿಸಲು .
- ನಿಮ್ಮ ಬರಹವು ಮೂಲ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ ಅಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ತೋರಿಸಲು.
- ಲೇಖನಗಳಲ್ಲಿನ ವಿಷಯವು ವಿಶ್ವಾಸಾರ್ಹವೆಂದೂ ಯಾರೇ ಓದುಗ ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಪಾದಕರು ಖಚಿತಪಡಿಸಬಹುದು ಎಂದೂ ಖಾತರಿಪಡಿಸಲು.
- ಲೇಖನದ ವಿಷಯದ ಸಂಬಂಧ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ವಿಶ್ವಾಸಾರ್ಹ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕಲು ಬಳಕೆದಾರರು ಸಹಾಯಮಾಡಲು .
- ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯದ ಒಟ್ಟು ವಿಶ್ವಾಸಾರ್ಹತೆಯನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕೃತತೆಯ ಗುಣವನ್ನು ಸುಧಾರಿಸಲು.
- ಸಂಪಾದಕೀಯ ವಿವಾದಗಳ ಸಂಭಾವ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡಲು ಅಥವಾ ಏಳಬಹುದಾದ ವಿವಾದಗಳನ್ನು ಬಗೆಹರಿಸಲು .
- ಉಪಯುಕ್ತ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ನೀಡುವ ಮೂಲಗಳಿಗೆ ಮನ್ನಣೆ ನೀಡಲು ಮತ್ತು ಕೃತಿಚೌರ್ಯದ ಆಪಾದನೆಗಳಿಂದ ತಪ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು .
ಗಮನಿಸಿ: ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ಲೇಖನಗಳನ್ನು ಮೂಲ ಎಂದು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಬಾರದು.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] ಯಾವಾಗ ಮೂಲಗಳನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಬೇಕು ?
ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Style
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] ನೀವು ವಿಷಯ ಸೇರಿಸಿದಾಗ
ಮೂಲಗಳನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕುವ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿಗಾಗಿ, ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ನಂಬಲರ್ಹ ಮೂಲಗಳು#ನಂಬಲರ್ಹ ಮೂಲಗಳನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕುವುದು ಲೇಖನ ನೋಡಿ.
ಲೇಖನವೊಂದಕ್ಕೆ ನೀವು ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷತಃ ಅದು ವಿವಾದಾಸ್ಪದವಾಗಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ರಶ್ನಿಸಪಡುವಂತಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ನೀವು ಮೂಲವನ್ನೊದಗಿಸಬೇಕು. ಉಲ್ಲೇಖದ ಸ್ವರೂಪ ಹೇಗಿರಬೇಕೆಂದು ನಿಮಗೆ ಗೊತ್ತಿರದಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ , ನಿಮಗಾಗಿ ಅದನ್ನು ಇತರರು ಮಾಡುವರು . ನಿಮಗೆ ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿದ್ದ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಕೊಡಿ ಅಷ್ಟೇ .
ಸಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ, ನಿಮ್ಮ ನೆನಪನ್ನಾಧರಿಸಿ ಲೇಖನಗಳನ್ನು ಬರೆಯುವಾಗ, ಜೊತೆ ಜೊತೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಾರ್ಹ ಮೂಲಗಳ ಶೊಧನೆ ಆರಂಭಿಸಿ. ವಿಷಯದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನಿಮಗೆ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ ಇದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ, ಅದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಮೂಲಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಿದರಾಯಿತು. ಇದರಿಂದ ಇತರ ಒದುಗರು ಹಾಗು ಸಂಪಾದಕರಿಗೆ ಆ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಮಾಹಿತಿ ತಿಳಿಯಲು ಸಹಾಯಕಾರಿಯಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
ನೀವು ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ಲೇಖನದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನಿಮಗೆ ನಿಮ್ಮದೇ ಆದ ವೈಯುಕ್ತಿಕ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯಗಳಿದ್ದರೆ, ಮೂಲಗಳ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನದ ಮಹತ್ವ ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತದೆ. "ಕೆಲವರು ಹೀಗೆನ್ನುತ್ತಾರೆ" ಎಂಬಿತ್ಯಾದಿ Avoid weasel words ಪದಗಳ ಪ್ರಯೋಗ ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಿ. ಆದಷ್ಟು ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ, ನಿಮ್ಮ ಲೇಖನವು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಬಲ್ಲ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ಹೊಂದಿರಲಿ. ವಿಷಯದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನೀವು ಹೊಂದಿರು ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನೇ ಹೊಂದಿರುವ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ಗುಂಪನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕಿ, ಅವರನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಿ, ಅವರ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯಗಳು ಮೂಡಿರುವ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ ಅಥವಾ ಇನ್ಯಾವುದೇ ನಂಬಲರ್ಹ ಮೂಲವನ್ನು ನೀಡಿರಿ. ನೆನಪಿರಲಿ, ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಸ್ವಂತ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯಗಳನ್ನು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸುವ ವೇದಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲ ( ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ವಂತ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ ಸಲ್ಲದು ).
Because this is the English Wikipedia, English-language sources should be given whenever possible, and should always be used in preference to other language sources of equal calibre. However, do give references in other languages where appropriate. If quoting from a different language source, an English translation should be given with the original-language quote beside it.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] When adding material to the biography of a living person
ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Main Biographies of living persons should be sourced with particular care, for legal and moral reasons. All negative material about living persons must be sourced to a reliable source. Do not wait for another editor to request a source. If you find unsourced or poorly sourced negative material about a living person — whether in an article or on a talk page — remove it immediately. Do not leave it in the article and ask for a source. Do not move it to the talk page. This applies whether the material is in a biography or any other article.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] When you quote someone
You should always add a citation when quoting published material, and the citation should be placed directly after the quote, which should be enclosed within double quotation marks — "like this" — or single quotation marks if it's a quote-within-a-quote — "and here is such a 'quote' as an example." See Category:Articles with unsourced quotes
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] When you verify content
You can add sources even for material you didn't write if you use a source to verify that material. Adding citations to an article is an excellent way to contribute to Wikipedia. See Wikipedia:Forum for Encyclopedic Standards and Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check for organized efforts to do this. Direct quotes, used as a method of easing factual verification, can be provided (in whatever format is agreed on by the main editors of the article) for any statement.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Text that is, or is likely to be, disputed
Disputed text can immediately be removed entirely or moved from the article to the talk page for discussion. If the disputed text is harmless, and you simply think a citation is appropriate, place {{fact}} after the text. The template {{citecheck}} can be useful for flagging quotations taken out of context and other misuse of citations. Unsourced criticism or negative material in the biographies of living persons should be removed immediately, and not moved to talk. See Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons and Wikipedia:Libel.
Think ahead. Try to imagine whether people might doubt what you wrote, or need more information about it. Supporting what is written in Wikipedia by referring to a clear and reliable source will add stability to your contribution.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Intermediate sources: State where you got it
A common error is to copy citation information from an intermediate source without acknowledging it. For example, you might find some information on a web page which says it comes from a certain book. Unless you look at the book yourself to check that the information is there, your reference is really the web page and the web page must be mentioned. The web page itself must therefore be a reliable source. Your citation might only mention the web page, or you can provide further information like this:
- <Web page>, which cites <book>, or
- <Book>, cited at <web page>.
However, you shouldn't cite only the book unless you looked at it yourself. If you checked the book, it is no longer necessary to mention the web page but you can still mention it if that would be useful information for readers. You can do so using a form like this:
- <Book> (also see <web page>).
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] What sources to cite
ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Details Prefer credible third-party, peer-reviewed English-language sources.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] How and where to cite sources
See also: Wikipedia:Citations quick reference
- When writing a new article or adding references to an existing article that has none, follow the established practice for the appropriate profession or discipline that the article is concerning (if available and unquestioned).
- An article's previous content contributors usually know the established practice - if possible, follow their lead if the article already has references.
- If the established practice is unavailable or disputed, contributors should decide on a style that they believe strikes an appropriate balance between preserving the readability of the text and making citations as precise and accessible as possible.
- If contributors differ as to the appropriate style of citation, they should defer to the article's main content contributors in deciding the most suitable format for the presentation of references. If no agreement can be reached, the citation style used should be that of the first major contributor.
If you are unclear as to which system or style to use, remember: the most important thing is to provide all the information one would need to identify and find the source. If necessary, put this information in the talk page, or in a comment on the main page, and ask others how to format it correctly for that article.
See below for a discussion of different citation styles.
- For an easy-to-follow guide, see Wikipedia:Citing sources/example style
- Some editors prefer to use templates to format references; see the summary of citation templates; for users familiar with the citation process, seeking a reference, a quick reference exists.
- Landmark Citation Machine is also good for making bibliographies. It is regularly updated and runs on three separate servers.
- Wikicite is a free program, currently under development, that helps people to properly reference their Wikipedia contributions. It is written in Visual Basic .NET, making it suitable only for Windows 2000 and Windows XP users. Wikicite and its source code is freely available, see the developer's user page for further details.
The system of presenting references in a Wikipedia article may change over time; it is more important to have clarity and consistency in an article than to adhere to any particular system.
Remember: the most important thing is to enter comprehensive reference information — that is, enough information so that a reader can find the original source with relative ease.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Templates
Citation templates are neither required nor recommended, though they may be used at the discretion of individual editors. Some editors find them helpful, and other editors find them annoying, particularly when used inline in the text. Because they are optional, editors should not change articles from one style to the other without consensus.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Page numbers
When citing books and articles, provide page numbers where appropriate. Page numbers must be included in a citation that accompanies a specific quotation from, or a paraphrase or reference to, a specific passage of a book or article.
- According to Jessica Benjamin, one weakness of radical politics has been "to idealize the oppressed, as if their politics and culture were untouched by the system of domination, as if people did not participate in their own submission" (Benjamin 1988:9).
- Jessica Benjamin has argued that radical politics has been weakened by its inattention to the ways oppressed people participate in their own oppression (Benjamin 1988:9).
Page numbers are not required when a citation accompanies a general description of a book or article, or when a book or article, as a whole, is being used to exemplify a particular point of view.
- In the 1980s several feminists explored feminist readings of psychoanalytical thought (e.g. Gallop 1985, Hamilton 1982, Rose 1986, Benjamin 1988).
- Jessica Benjamin, for example, has drawn on Freudian and feminist theory to argue that in modern Western society, the relationship between males and females is paradigmatic for a variety of relations of domination and submission" (Benjamin 1988).
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Citation styles
The following are different citation styles you can use to insert references into Wikipedia articles:
- Embedded HTML links
- Harvard referencing, and
- Footnotes.
All three are acceptable citation styles for Wikipedia. Do not change from Harvard referencing to footnotes or vice versa without checking for objections on the talk page. If there is no agreement, prefer the style used by the first major contributor.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Embedded HTML links
ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Details
Web pages referenced in an article can be linked to directly by enclosing the URL in square brackets. For example, a reference to a newspaper article can be embedded like: [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html], which looks like this:[1]
Then in the References section, a full citation is provided:
*[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying"] by John Plunkett, ''The Guardian'', October 27, 2005, retrieved October 27, 2005
which appears as:
- "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying" by John Plunkett, The Guardian, October 27, 2005, retrieved October 27, 2005
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Harvard referencing
ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Details
The Harvard referencing system places a partial citation — the author's name and year of publication within parentheses — at the end of the sentence within the text, and a complete citation at the end of the text in an alphabetized list of "References". According to The Oxford Style Manual, the Harvard system is the "most commonly used reference method in the physical and social sciences" (Ritter 2002).
- For one author, add the author's surname and the year of publication in parentheses (round brackets) after the sentence or paragraph, and before the period: for example (Smith 2005).
- For two authors, use (Smith & Jones 2005); for more authors, use (Smith et al. 2005).
- If the "References" section contains two or more works by the same author but published the same year, use a letter after the year to distinguish the different sources (for example, (Smith 2005a) and (Smith 2005b). Make sure that the in-text citations use the correct letters that correspond to the full citation in the "References" at the end of the article.
- If the date of publication is unavailable, use "n.d." (meaning, no date)
- Many times authors use an edition of a book that was published long after the original publication. In such cases, many people put the original date of publication in square brackets followed by the date of publication of the edition used by the author who is making the citation. For example, a citation might be
-
- (Marx [1867] 1967)
- And the complete reference would be:
- Marx, Karl. [1867] (1967). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy Vol. I. Edited by Frederick Engels. New York: International Publishers. ISBN 00000000
- When providing a page number, the convention is (Smith 2005:73).
- For a quotation that is within the text and marked by quotation marks, the citation follows the end-quotation mark ("), and is placed before the period (.), "like this" (Smith 2005).
- For a quotation that is indented, the citation is placed after the period, like the following. (Smith 2005)
- When the author of the reference is named as part of the text itself, put the year in parentheses; for example "Smith (2005) says..."
Note: Harvard referencing is not complete without the full citation at the end of the page (article) in the References section, as described next.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Complete citations in a "References" section
Complete citations, also called "references", are collected at the end of the article under a ==References== heading. Under this heading, list the comprehensive reference information as a bulleted (*) list, one bullet per reference work. Try to make sure that whichever citation system you choose is used consistently throughout the article. Note that citation templates are neither required nor recommended, though they may be used at the discretion of individual editors.
References typically include: the name of the author, the title of the book or article, and the date of publication. Different professions, academic disciplines, and publishers have different conventions as to the order in which this information should be arranged, or whether additional information is required. Usually, the list is in alphabetical order by the author's surname. The name of the publisher and its city is optional. The ISBN of a book is optional. Journal articles should include volume number, issue number and page numbers, if available.
Typical references would be:
- McDougall, D. (2003). "Trauma of quake's shattered children". Guardian. Retrieved October 23, 2005.
- Smith, J. How to cite your sources, Random House, 2005. ISBN 1607000X
or using a template:
* {{cite journal | author=L. Hussein ''et al.'' | title=Nutritional quality and the presence of anti-nutritional factors in leaf protein concentrates (LPC) | journal=International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition | year=1999 | volume=50 | issue=5 | pages= 333–343}}
which results in:
- ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Cite journal
For more templates to assist formatting, see the citation templates.
Citations for newspaper articles typically include the title of the article in quotes, the byline (author's name), the name of the newspaper in italics, date of publication, and the date you retrieved it if it's online.
Some books have been reprinted several times over the course of the years. Sometimes they have gone through several editions, and sometimes a book may be published by several different publishers. This can raise serious problems for citations, because different editions may be paginated differently. Ideally, all citations in a given article should refer to the same edition by the same publisher, and this edition information should be included in the reference at the end of the article and/or the ISBN (see there) should be given. That way, there would be no confusion over the correct page number for cited quotes or material.
- If the "References" section contains two or more works by the same author but published the same year, use a letter after the year to distinguish the different sources (for example 2005a and 2005b).
- If you do not know the date of publication, try to find it (you could try your local library, the web-page of a national library such as the Library of Congress, or Amazon.com)
- If the date of publication is unavailable, use "n.d." (meaning, no date)
- Many times editors use an edition of a book that was published long after the original publication. In such cases, they must provide the date of the edition they are using or else the ISBN, and preferably both. This is important because different editions may be paginated differently.
As Wikipedia grows it is likely that different editors may rely on different editions of the same book.
- Usually, different editions of the same book are published in different years. In such cases knowing the year is enough information to distinguish the different editions.
- Sometimes, different editions of the same book are published in the same year. This often happens after a copyright has expired, and different publishing companies publish different editions. In such cases, one must know the publisher to distinguish the different editions, or else the ISBN.
It is crucial that complete references be provided for each distinct edition referred to (or cited) in the article, and that each such in-line citation provide enough information to distinguish between editions.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Footnotes
ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Details
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Technical issues with footnotes
Citations using numbered footnotes are controversial in Wikipedia for several reasons:
- Footnotes are treated as one of the two standard styles of citation in The Chicago Manual of Style.
- Footnotes are normally simply numbered numerically. Thus, determining who said what typically requires a reader to continually jump back and forth between the main body and the footnote/endnote to see if there is something of value. When footnotes are simply providing a much more detailed argument, this is often not a problem, but if the footnotes are the primary citation method, this can be critical (since it is sometimes important to keep track of who claims what).
- Until recently, the MediaWiki software had limited footnote support. In particular, automatic numbering of footnotes conflicted with use of embedded HTML links in single square brackets with automatic numbering, and the same footnote could not be used multiple times with automatic numbering, although this issue has now been addressed by the new <ref> element. (More details at Wikipedia:Footnotes)
- Many of today's style guides require not using or recommend against using footnotes and reference endnotes to cite sources ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Ref harvard. The APA style does not use footnotes to cite sources. The MLA style manual advocates use of parenthetical reference citations in texts, reducing reference footnotes and reference endnotes in favor of such embedded in-text parenthetical bibliographic references wherever possible; such embedded in-text parenthetical citations refer to attached lists of "Works Cited." Content footnotes and endnotes are still used in MLA format, however.
- Editors should not switch from one citation system to another without checking on the talk page that there are no objections. For example, editors should not switch from footnotes to Harvard referencing, or vice versa. If no agreement can be reached, the system used by the first major contributor to use one should be deferred to. However, this advice does not apply to switching from one footnote style to another, which may simply constitute a technical improvement.
Note: If a Wikipedia article does use footnotes, the footnotes in their own section must include the normal source citations just as in the "References" section for other inline citations above.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Example
Many publications use numbers — in square brackets and/or superscripted — to refer to a list of citations at the end of the article, e.g. ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Ref label or [1] with:
- ^ L. Hussein et al. (1999). "Nutritional quality and the presence of anti-nutritional factors in leaf protein concentrates (LPC)". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 50 (5): 333–343.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] What footnotes are normally used for
- Some publications use footnotes for both the full citation of a source, and for tangential comments or information of interest to the reader.
- Some publications use Harvard style notation for sources, and use footnotes exclusively for tangential comments or information of interest. In this case, in other words, footnotes are notes with relevant text that would distract from the main point if embedded in the main text, yet are helpful in explaining a point in greater detail. Such footnotes can be especially helpful for later fact-checkers, to ensure that the article text is well-supported. Thus, using footnotes to provide useful clarifying information outside the main point is fine where this is needed.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] "Notes" section
Technically, footnotes appear at the bottom of a page; endnotes appear at the end of a chapter or book. Since Wikipedia articles may be considered to consist of one long page, or of no pages at all, Wikipedia footnotes appear at the end of an article, but are nevertheless called footnotes.
Recommended section names to use for footnotes in Wikipedia:
- ==Notes or Footnotes==
- ==Notes and references== section: Used if there is no separate section with general references, and if all sources of the general content of the article are covered by the footnotes, but see the note about this below.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Maintaining a separate "References" section in addition to "Notes"
It is helpful when footnotes are used that a References section also be maintained, in which the sources that were used are listed in alphabetical order. With articles that have lots of footnotes, it can become hard to see after a while exactly which sources have been used, particularly when the footnotes also contain explanatory text. A References section, which contains only citations, helps readers to see at a glance the quality of the references used.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಮಾಹಿತಿ / ಹೊರಗಿನ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು
An ==External links== or ==Further reading== section is placed at the end of an article after the References section, and offers books, articles, and links to websites related to the topic that might be of interest to the reader, but which have not been used as sources for the article. Although this section has traditionally been called "external links," editors are increasingly calling it "further reading," because the references section may also contain external links, and the further-reading section may contain items that are not online.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] ಉಲ್ಲೇಖದ ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ನಿರ್ಜೀವವಾದಾಗ ಏನು ಮಾಡಬೇಕು?
When a link in the External links/Further reading sections "goes dead", it is not a serious matter, and it can be removed from the article. Reference-section links (i.e. links to sources actually used to support material) in the article are another matter. In general, they are still worth keeping as part of the referencing apparatus of the article; often, a live substitute link can be found. Here are some pointers. In most cases, these approaches will preserve an acceptable citation.
- A very large proportion of pages can be recovered from the Internet Archive. Just go to http://www.archive.org/ and search for the old link by URL. Make sure that your new citation mentions the date the page was archived by the Internet Archive.
- If this was a non-blind citation of web-only material, it may be worth the effort to search the target site for an equivalent page at a new location, an indication that the whole site has moved, etc.
- If the link was merely a "convenience link" to an online copy of material that originally appeared in print, and an appropriate substitute cannot be found, it is acceptable to drop the link but keep the citation.
- If you cannot find the page on the Internet Archive, remember that you can often find recently deleted pages in Google's cache. They won't be there long, and it is no use linking to them, but this may let you find the content, which can be useful in finding an equivalent page elsewhere on the Internet and linking to that.
If none of those strategies succeed, do not remove the inactive reference, but rather record the date that the original link was found to be inactive — even inactive, it still records the sources that were used, and it is possible hard copies of such references may exist, or alternatively that the page will turn up in the near future in the Internet Archive, which deliberately lags by six months or more. Note also that whilst many printed sources become outdated, scholars still routinely cite those works when referenced.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] ಉಲ್ಲೇಖನಗಳನ್ನು ಕೋರುವುದು/ಕೇಳುವುದು ಹೇಗೆ
If an article needs references but you are unable to find them yourself, you can tag the article with the templates {{unreferenced}} or {{Primarysources}}. It is often more useful to indicate specific statements that need references, by tagging those statements with {{fact}}. The (ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:T1 and ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:T1 tags are equivalent to the ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:T1 tag and may be preferred by some editors, for the sake of clarity or brevity. All of these tags can be placed in the same place that you would place an inline reference.
All unsourced and poorly sourced negative material about living persons should be removed from articles and talk pages immediately. It should not be tagged. See Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons, which is policy.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Citing Wikipedia in other works
For suggestions on how to cite Wikipedia in other works, see Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia; the tool Special:Cite is also available there to help you.
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] References
- Concordia Libraries (Concordia University). Citation and Style Guides. Retrieved December 28, 2004. (This provides a list of common citation styles.)
- Citation Styles Handbook: APA
- Citation Styles Handbook: MLA
- APA Style.org
- Using American Psychological Association (APA) Format (Updated to 5th Edition)
- Citing Electronic Documentation (APA, Chicago, MLA)
- The Columbia Guide to Online Style
- Ritter, R. (2002). The Oxford Style Manual. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198605641
- University of Chicago Press Staff. (2003). The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226104036
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] Further reading
- Psychology with Style: A Hypertext Writing Guide
- A Guide for Writing Research Papers Based on Modern Language Association (MLA) Documentation
- AMA Citation Style
- Chicago/Turabian Documentation
- Citation Guide - Turabian ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:PDF
- General Guidelines for Citing Government Publications
- Guide to Citation Style Guides
- Sociology style (ASR)
- Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals
- American Chemical Society reference style guidelines
[ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿ] ಇವನ್ನೂ ನೋಡಿ
- The <ref> element
- Wikipedia:Common knowledge
