Indonesia
From Wikipedia
li república de Indonesia es located in li Malay Archipelago, li munde's largest archipelago, between Indochina e Australia, between li Indian e Pacific Oceans. It es li mult populous Muslim-majority nation in li munde e li fourth most populous overall. It ha had free elections since li 1998 Revolution which led to li resignation de President Suharto, who came to power in 1965.
Tabelle de contenetes |
[modificar] History
Template:Main
Under li influences de Hinduism e Buddhism, several kingdoms formed on li ínsules de Sumatra e Java de li 7th to 14th century. li arrival de Arab traders de Gujarat, India, later brought Islam, which became li dominant religion in mult partes de li archipelago pos li collapse de Hindu e Buddhist kingdoms.
When li Europaans came in li early 16th century, they found a multitude de litt states. ti esset vulnerable to li Europans, who esset in pursuit de dominating li spice trade. In li 17th century, li Dutch emerged as li mult powerful de li Europans, ousting li hispan e Portuguese (except por lor colony de Portuguese Timor on li island de Timor). li Dutch influence started con trading per li Dutch East India Company (VOC), a private enterprise, which gradually expanded su region de influence e su grip on political matters. Following li dissolution de li VOC in 1799, as well as li political instability de li Napoleonic Wars, li East Indies esset awarded to li United Kingdom de li Netherlands in 1815. de ti time onward, li East Indies esset officially ruled as colonies de li Dutch crown.
Under li nineteenth-century Cultivation sistema (Cultuurstelsel), large plantations e forced cultivation esset established on Java, finally creating li profit por li Netherlands that li VOC esset unable to produce. In a plu liberal period de colonial rule pos 1870 li Cultivation sistema esset abolished, e pos 1901 li Dutch introduced li Ethical Policy, which included limited political reform e increased investment in li colony.
During munde War II, con li Netherlands under German occupation, in December 1941 Japan began a five prong campaign towards Java e li vital fuel supplies de li Dutch East Indies. Though Japan captured Java per March 1942, it esset unable to find any national leader willing to cooperate con li Japanese government against li Dutch, eventually li Japanese commander ordered that Sukarno be released de his prison island e in July 1942 Sukarno arrived in Jakarta. Sukarno, con colleagues, cooperated con li Japanese occupiers. In 1945, con li war drawing to a close, Sukarno esset made aware de an opportunity to declare an independence. Upon lobbying, Japan agreed that Sukarno established a committee to plan por independence. Sukarno, e Mohammad Hatta, declared independence on 17 August.
In an effort to regain control de lor previously occupied colonies, li Allies sent in lor armies, together con li Netherlands' Army. Indonesia's war por independence lasted de 1945 until 27 December, 1949, when, under heavy international pressure, li Netherlands acknowledged Indonesia's independence. Sukarno became li land's first president, con Mohammad Hatta as li first vice president. See Indonesian National Revolution. It esset ne until 16 august 2005 that li Dutch government recognised 1945 as li land's annu de independence e expressed su regrets plu li Indonesian deaths caused per li Netherlands' Army.
li 1950s e 1960s saw Sukarno's government aligning itself first con li emerging non-aligned movement e later con li socialist bloc. li 1960s saw Indonesia in a military confrontation against neighboring Malaysia, e increasing frustration plu domestic economic difficulties.
Army general Suharto became president in 1967 con li excuse de securing li land against an alleged Communist coup attempt against a weakening Sukarno. In li aftermath de Suharto's rise, hundreds de thousands pópul esset killed e imprisoned in a backlash against alleged Communist supporters. Suharto's administration es commsolmen called li New Order era. Suharto invited major foreign investment into li land, which produced substantial, if uneven, economic growth. támen, Suharto enriched himself e his family through widespread corruption e he esset forced to step down amid massive popular demonstrations e a faltering economie per li Indonesian Revolution de 1998.
In li period de 1998 to 2001, li land had tri presidents: Bacharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid e Megawati Sukarnoputri. In 2004 li largest one-day election in li munde e Indonesia's first direct Presidential election esset held e esset won per Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Parts de nord Sumatra, particularly Aceh, esset devastated per a massive earthquake e tsunami on 26 December 2004. See Impact de li 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Indonesia
[modificar] Politics
Template:Main
li highest legislative body es li Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR, head: Hidayat Nur Wahid) e 'People's Consultative Assembly', consisting de li Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR, head: Agung Laksono) e People's Representative Council, elected por a five-annu term, e li Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD, head: Ginandjar Kartasasmita) e Regional Representatives Council. Following elections in 2004, li MPR became a bicameral parliament, con li creation de li DPD as su second chamber.
[modificar] Provinces
Template:Main
Currently, Indonesia ha 33 provinces (of those, 2 es special territories e 1 capital city territory). li provinces es subdivided in districts, which es in turn split up in sub-districts e municipalities. li provinces are:
Bali, Bangka-Belitung, Banten, Bengkulu, Central Java, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, East Java, East Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara, sud Sumatra, Gorontalo, Jambi, Lampung, Maluku, North Maluku, North Sulawesi, North Sumatra, Papua (Irian Jaya), Riau, Riau Kepulauan, sud East Sulawesi, sud Kalimantan, sud Sulawesi, West Irian Jaya, West Java, West Kalimantan, West Nusa Tenggara, West Sulawesi, West Sumatra
li special territories (daerah istimewa) es Aceh (or Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam) e Yogyakarta. Special territories ha plu autonomy de li central government than altri territories, e as a result they ha unique legislative privileges: li Acehnese government ha li right to create an independent legal sistema e instituted a form de sharia (Islamic Law) in 2003; Yogyakarta remains a sultanate whose sultan (currently li wildly popular Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X) es li territory's de facto governor por life.
li capital city territory es Jakarta. Though Jakarta es a single city, it es administered much as any altri Indonesian province. por example, Jakarta ha a governor (instead de a mayor), e es divided into several sub-regiones con lor own administrative sistemas.
East Timor esset a province de Indonesia de su annexation in 1976 until Indonesia relinquished sovereignty in 1999. Following a period de transitional administration per li UN, it became an independent state in 2002.
[modificar] Geography
Template:Main
Indonesia's 18,108 ínsules, de which circa 6,000 es inhabited, es scattered around li equator, giving li land a tropical climate. li largest populated ínsules es Java, un de li mult densely populated regiones on Earth, where circa half de li population lives, Sumatra, Borneo (shared con Malaysia e Brunei), New Guinea (shared con Papua New Guinea) e Sulawesi. li land borders Malaysia on li island de Borneo (Indonesian: Kalimantan), Papua New Guinea on li island de New Guinea e East Timor on li island de Timor. In addition to li capital city de Jakarta, principal Indonesian cities de high population include Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, Palembang, e Semarang.
Its location on li edges de tectonic plates, specifically li Pacific, Eurasian, e Australian, means Indonesia es frequently hit per earthquakes e li resulting tsunamis. Indonesia es anc rich in volcanoes, li mult famous being li now vanished Krakatau (Krakatoa), which esset located between Sumatra e Java.
Flora e fauna differ markedly between Kalimantan, Bali, e western ínsules on li un hand e Sulawesi, Lombok, e ínsules further to li east on li altri hand. ti ecological boundary ha been called li Wallace line pos su discoverer. li line es sovente given as li boundary between Asia e Australasia, as such making Indonesia a bicontinental land.
See also: Map de Asia
[modificar] economie
Template:Main Indonesia's economie suffered grandmen in li late 1990s, in part as a result de li financial crisis that struck mult de Asia at li time. li economie ha stabilized somewhat since then.
li land ha extensive natural resources outside de Java, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper e gold. Indonesia es li munde's second largest exporter de natural gas, though it ha recently become a net importer de crude oil. Major agricultural products include rice, tea, coffee, spices e rubber.
Indonesia's major trading partners es Japan, li United States e li surrounding nationes de Singapore, Malaysia e Australia.
li central bank de Indonesia es Bank Indonesia [1]
li economie es now undergoing a process de rebuilding pos li tsunami that struck in December de 2004.
[modificar] Demographics
Template:Main
Indonesia's population can be roughly divided into du groupes. li west de li land es Asian e li pópul es mostly Malay, while li east es plu Pacific e pópul on New Guinea es Papuan, con roots in li ínsules de Melanesia. There are, támen, mult plu subdivisions, which es logical given li fact that Indonesia spans an area li size de Europa e li USA e that it consists de mult ínsules that to a large degree had lor own separate development. mult Indonesians identify con a plu specific ethnic group that es sovente linked to lingue e regional origins; examples de ti es Javanese, Sundanese, e Batak. ma there es anc quite different groupes within mult ínsules, such as Borneo, con su Dayak e Punan, who ha different lifestyles e skintones.
Most Indonesians speak a local lingue (bahasa daerah) as lor first tongue, ma li official national language, Indonesian (locally called Bahasa Indonesia e simply Bahasa, meaning language) es presc universally taught in schools e es spoken per nearly etre Indonesian. Originally a lingua franca por mult de li region, including present-day Malaysia (e thus closely related to Malay), it esset accepted per li Dutch as li de facto lingue por li colony e declared li official lingue pos independence.
There es anc serious ethnic tensions in Indonesia, predominately between Indonesians de Chinese ethnicity e li Pribumi peoples, who es natives de Indonesia. li riotings in Jakarta in 1997 e 1998 highlight ti recurring tension. Ethnic relations es strained mostly due to li high level de economic power that li Chinese-Indonesians ha relative to li Pribumi peoples, which in turn propels anti-Chinese sentiment. positiones de power e influence in li business sphere es consistently held per ethnic Chinese Indonesians. li Indonesian government es attempting to remedy ti problem, ma due to widespread corruption e discontent experienced per li poorer citizens de Indonesia ethnic harmony es slow in coming. Corruption, collusion, e nepotism which characterized Suharto's presidency clearly define li origins de Indonesia’s ethnic tensions today.
Islam es Indonesia's main religion, con presc 88% de tot Indonesians declared as Muslim according to li 2000 religious census, making Indonesia li mult populous Muslim-majority nation in li munde. Prior to li arrival de li Abrahamic faiths de Christianity e Islam in li Malay Archipelago, li popular beliefs in region had been thoroughly influenced per Indic religious philosophy through Hinduism e Buddhism. pos independence syncretism e intermarriage ha decreased somewhat e religious divides sharpened, leading to communal violence in mult de li ost ínsules as well as in Java. Although Islam esset once mainly practiced in Java e partes de Sumatra, li transmigration program ha increased li number de Muslims living in Bali, Borneo, li Celebes, li Moluccas, e Papua. li remaining population es 8% Christian (of which roughly tri quarters es Protestant, con li remainder mainly Catholic, e a substantial charismatic minority), 3% Hindu e 1% Buddhist con litt communities de Jews. Indonesians es required to declare themselves as un de ti official religions. As a result, mult Indonesian "Muslims" es non-practicing, follow Indonesia's animist traditions (a fact that li government strenuously denies), e es entirely secular.
[modificar] Culture
Template:Main
Art formes in Indonesia ha been influenced per several cultures. li famous Javanese e Balinese dances, por example, contain aspects de Hindu culture e mythology.
Also well-known es li Javanese e Balinese wayang kulit shadow theatre shows, displaying several mythological events. Several ínsules es famous por lor batik e ikat cloth.
Silat es a unique martial art originating de li archipelago.
[modificar] Miscellaneous topics
- Agama Hindu Dharma
- Communications in Indonesia
- Foreign relations de Indonesia
- Hinduism in sudeast Asia
- Indonesian calendars
- Indonesian car number plates
- Indonesian Chinese
- Islam in Indonesia
- ínsules de Indonesia
- List de famous Indonesians
- Military de Indonesia
- Music de Indonesia
- Public holidays in Indonesia
- Transportation in Indonesia
[modificar] Further reading
- Theodore Friend, Indonesian Destinies, Harvard University Press, 2003, hardcover, 544 pages, ISBN 0674011376
[modificar] See also
- 2002 Bali bombing
- 2005 Bali bombings
[modificar] External links
Official sites (owned e operated per li government de Indonesia e su agencies)
- Antara — National News Agency
- Bank Indonesia — Indonesian Central Bank
- Info-RI — National Information Portal (in Indonesian)
- List de Indonesian embassies e consulates mundewide (Department de Foreign Affairs)
- National Portal de república de Indonesia (in Indonesian)
- RRI — National Radio Nedurk
- TVRI — National Television Nedurk (in Indonesian)
Other sites (not owned nor operated per li government de Indonesia e su agencies) Template:Commons
- Template:Wikitravel
- Business Indonesia
- Kompas - Indonesia's mult widely circulated Newspaper (in Indonesian)
- INDOC Database on Indonesian Labour
- Indonesia House (in Anglés e in Dutch)
- Inside Indonesia Journal
- News de Indonesia (in Anglés e in Indonesian)
Template:Sudeast Asia
