Digital compositing
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Digital compositing is the process of digitally assembling multiple images to make a final image, typically for print, motion pictures or screen display. It is the evolution into the digital realm of optical film compositing.
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[edit] Mathematics
The basic operation used is known as 'alpha blending', where an opacity value, 'α' is used to control the proportions of two input pixel values that end up a single output pixel.
Consider three pixels;
- a foreground pixel, f
- a background pixel, b
- a composited pixel, c
and
- α, the opacity value of the foreground pixel. (α=1 for opaque foreground, α=0 for a completely transparent foreground). A monochrome raster image where the pixel values are to be interpreted as alpha values is known as a matte.
Then, considering all three colour channels, and assuming that the colour channels are expressed in a γ=1 colour space (that is to say, the measured values are proportional to light intensity), we have:
- cr = α fr + (1 - α) br
- cg = α fg + (1 - α) bg
- cb = α fb + (1 - α) bb
Note that if the operations are performed in a colour space where γ is not equal to 1 then the operation will lead to non-linear effects which can potentially be seen as aliasing artifacts (or 'jaggies') along sharp edges in the matte. More generally, nonlinear compositing can have effects such as "halos" around composited objects, because the influence of the alpha channel is non-linear. It is possible for a compositing artist to compensate for the effects of compositing in non-linear space.
Performing alpha blending is an expensive operation if performed on an entire image or 3D scene. If this operation has to be done in real time video games there is an easy trick to boost performance.
- cout = α fin + (1 - α) bin
- cout = α fin + bin - α bin
- cout = bin + α (fin - bin)
By simply rewriting the mathematical expression one can save 50% of the multiplications required.
[edit] Software
The most historically significant nonlinear compositing system was the Cineon, which operated in a logarithmic color space, which more closely mimics the natural light response of film emulsions (the Cineon system, made by Kodak, is no longer in production). Due to the limitations of processing speed and memory, compositing artists did not usually have the luxury of having the system make intermediate conversions to linear space for the compositing steps. Over time, the limitations have become much less significant, and now most compositing is done in a linear color space, even in cases where the source imagery is in a logarithmic color space.
Compositing often also includes scaling, retouching and colour correction of images.
[edit] Digital compositing systems
- Apple Shake
- Autodesk Combustion
- Autodesk Flint, Flame & Inferno
- Autodesk Toxik
- Adobe After Effects
- Pinnacle Commotion
- Apple Motion
- eyeon Fusion
- D2 Nuke
- CompTime Industrial Light & Magic
- Industrial Light & Magic's proprietary Saber
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- T. Porter and T. Duff, "Compositing Digital Images", Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '84, 18 (1984).
- The Art and Science of Digital Compositing (ISBN 0-12-133960-2)
