羅傑·潘洛斯

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Urs Schmid所繪油畫(1995年)，主題為潘洛斯鋪磚法，運用到寬細兩種菱形。

羅傑·潘洛斯爵士(Sir Roger Penrose)、Order of Merit成員、皇家學會會員 (1931年 8月8日誕生)，是位英國數學物理學家與牛津大學數學系W. W. Rouse Ball名譽教授。他在數學物理方面的工作擁有高度評價，特別是對廣義相對論與宇宙學方面的貢獻。他也是娛樂數學家與具爭議性的哲學家。羅傑·潘洛斯是科學家理昂內·潘洛斯(Lionel S. Penrose)與瑪格麗特·雷瑟斯(Margaret Leathes)的兒子，為數學家奧利佛·潘洛斯（Oliver Penrose）與西洋棋大師強納森·潘洛斯（Jonathan Penrose）的兄弟。

[编辑] 職業生涯

於1955年，當他還是學生之時，潘洛斯重新發明了一般形的反矩陣(又稱作穆耳-潘洛斯反矩陣(Moore-Penrose inverse)。參見羅傑·潘洛斯 "A Generalized Inverse for Matrices." Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 51, 406-413, 1955。

於1958年的劍橋大學，潘洛斯在知名代數學家與幾何學家約翰·陶德(John A. Todd)指導下獲得博士學位；其博士論文題目為《代數幾何學中的張量方法》(Tensor methods in algebraic geometry)。於1965年的劍橋大學，潘洛斯與物理學家史蒂芬·霍金證明了奇點(例如黑洞)可以從毀壞中的巨星體的重力塌縮現象中形成。(Ferguson, 1991: 66).

於1967年，潘洛斯發明了扭量理論，將閔可夫斯基空間中的幾何物體映射到4維複數空間，此空間度規標誌為(2,2)。於1969年，他推測出宇宙審查假設(cosmic censorship hypothesis)。這項提案(相當非正式地)指出了宇宙阻擋我們了解奇點(例如黑洞)內昺的不可預測性，以其被遮掩在我們視線之外。這個形式現在稱作弱審查原理(weak censorship hypothesis)；於1979年，潘洛斯建構了更強的形式，稱作強審查原理(strong censorship hypothesis)。加上BKL猜想與非線性穩定性問題，使得審查猜想成為廣義相對論中最重要的未決問題之一。

羅傑·潘洛斯以其於1974年發現潘洛斯鋪磚法著稱，能以兩種磚片非週期性地鋪滿整個平面。於1984年，類似特徵被發現在類晶體中的原子排列。他最重要的貢獻可能是他在1971年發明了自旋網路，爾後在迴圈量子重力理論中成為構成時空幾何的基礎。他在推廣通稱為潘洛斯圖的因果圖頗具影響力。

於2004年，潘洛斯發表了《接近真實：宇宙法則導引》(The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe)，是一本1,099頁的書籍，目標在於對物理定律給予詳盡的指導。

[编辑] 物理與意識

潘洛斯寫了具爭議性的書籍，內容關於基本物理學與人類意識間的關聯。在《皇帝新腦》(The Emperor's New Mind)(1989年)，他辯稱說已知的物理學定理並不構成完整的體系；而人類意識是無法被解釋的，需要一個新的物理理論(他稱為正確量子重力理論(correct quantum gravity, CQG) )被發明出來才能達成。He argues against the strong AI viewpoint that the processes of the human mind are 演算法式的 and can thus be duplicated by a sufficiently complex computer. This is based on claims that human consciousness transcends formal logic systems because things such as the insolvability of the halting problem and Gödel's incompleteness theorem restrict an algorithmically based logic from traits such as mathematical insight. These claims were originally made by the philosopher John Lucas of Merton College, Oxford.

In 1994, Penrose followed up The Emperor's New Mind with Shadows of the Mind and in 1997 with The Large, the Small and the Human Mind, further updating and explaining his theories.

潘洛斯對於人類思考過程的觀點並未被科學社群廣泛接受。According to Marvin Minsky, because people can construe false ideas to be factual, the process of thinking is not limited to formal logic. Further, AI programs can also conclude that false statements are true, so error is not unique to humans. Another dissenter, Charles Seife, has said, "Penrose, the Oxford mathematician famous for his work on tiling the plane with various shapes, is one of a handful of scientists who believe that the ephemeral nature of consciousness suggests a quantum process."

潘洛斯與司徒華·漢莫洛夫(Stuart Hameroff)建構了一項理論，其中人類意識是微導管(microtubule)中量子重力效應的結果。But Max Tegmark, in a paper in 《物理評論E》(Physical Review E)計算了在微導管中神經元激發與釋放訊號的時間尺度是以至少10,000,000,000倍的因子慢於量子脫散時間。The reception of the paper is summed up by this statement in his support: "Physicists outside the fray, such as IBM's John Smolin, say the calculations confirm what they had suspected all along. 「我們的腦部並不是處在絕對零度附近；因此說腦部運作不可能牽涉到量子行為是項合理陳述」, he says." The Tegmark paper has been widely cited by critics of the 潘洛斯-漢莫洛夫提案。 It has been claimed by 漢莫洛夫 to be based on a number of incorrect assumptions (see linked paper below from 漢莫洛夫, Hagan and Tuszynski), but Tegmark in turn has argued that the critique is invalid (see rejoinder link below).

[编辑] 獲獎

羅傑·潘洛斯因對科學的貢獻獲頒多個獎項。於1972年，他獲選皇家學會會員。於1975年, Stephen Hawking and 羅傑·潘洛斯were jointly awarded the 愛丁頓獎 of the Royal Astronomical Society. 於1985年, he was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal. 於1989年 he was awarded the Dirac Medal and Prize of the British Institute of Physics. Along with 史蒂芬·霍金, he was awarded the prestigious Wolf Foundation Prize for Physics in 1988年. 於1990年 Roger Penrose was awarded the Albert Einstein Medal for outstanding work related to the work of Albert Einstein by the Albert Einstein Society. In 1991, he was awarded the Naylor Prize of the London Mathematical Society. 於1994年 he was knighted for services to science. In 1998年, he was elected Foreign Associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences.於2000年 he was appointed to the Order of Merit. 於2004年 he was awarded the De Morgan Medal for his wide and original contributions to mathematical physics. To quote the citation from the London Mathematical Society:

His deep work on General Relativity has been a major factor in our understanding of black holes. His development of Twistor Theory has produced a beautiful and productive approach to the classical equations of mathematical physics. His tilings of the plane underlie the newly discovered quasi-crystals.

於2005年，羅傑·潘洛斯爵士獲頒華沙大學與Katholieke Universiteit Leuven(比利時)兩所大學的榮譽博士學位(Honoris Causa)。

[编辑] 著作

羅傑·潘洛斯, Techniques of Differential Topology in Relativity, Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, 1972, ISBN 0898710057 (rare)
羅傑·潘洛斯 and Wolfgang Rindler, Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 1, Two-Spinor Calculus and Relativistic Fields, Cambridge University Press, 1987 (reprint), ISBN 0521337070 (paperback)
羅傑·潘洛斯 and Wolfgang Rindler, Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 2, Spinor and Twistor Methods in Space-Time Geometry, Cambridge University Press, 1988 (reprint), ISBN 0521347866 (paperback)
羅傑·潘洛斯, The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics, Oxford University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-14-014534-6 (paperback)
羅傑·潘洛斯, Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness, Oxford University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-19-853978-9 (hardback)
史蒂芬·霍金 and 羅傑·潘洛斯, The Nature of Space and Time, Princeton University Press, 1996, ISBN 0691037914 (hardback), ISBN 0691050848 (paperback)
羅傑·潘洛斯, The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind, (with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Stephen Hawking), Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-56330-5 (hardback), ISBN 0-521-65538-2 (paperback), Canto edition: ISBN 0-521-78572-3
羅傑·潘洛斯, The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, Jonathan Cape, London, 2004, ISBN 0224044478 (hardcover), ISBN 0099440687 (paperback)

[编辑] 相關條目

潘洛斯不等式
潘洛斯三角形
潘洛斯階梯
潘洛斯圖
潘洛斯鋪磚法
威爾曲率假設

[编辑] 參考文獻

Ferguson, Kitty (1991). Stephen Hawking: Quest For A Theory of Everything. Franklin Watts. ISBN 0553-29895-X.
Misner, Charles; Thorne, Kip S. & Wheeler, John Archibald (1973). Gravitation, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0344-0.; see Box 34.2.