海外印度人
维基百科，自由的百科全书
海外印度人按印度的分法可分為兩類，第一類是移民外國的印度公民，正式名稱為「非居住印度人」（Non-resident Indian，簡稱NRI），如果一個印度公民一年離開印度超過180天，即可在稅務和法律上視為「非居住印度人」。由於印度承認雙重國籍，因此事實上這批「非居住印度人」多持有其他國家的國籍。
另一類是祖先來自印度，但不具有印度國籍的人，正式名稱為「源自印度人士」（Person of Indian Origin，簡稱PIO），印度政府定義於上溯四代內從印度移居外國的非印度公民為「源自印度人士」，可獲發「PIO卡」。[1].
目前估計「非居住印度人」和「源自印度人士」合共有2千5百萬人。
目录 |
[编辑] 印度人外移歷史
The most significant historical emigration from India was to South East Asia. It started as a military expedition by Hindu, and later Buddhist, kings of South India and resulted in the settlers' merging with the local society. The influence of Indian culture is still strongly felt in South East Asia, especially in places like Bali (in Indonesia). However, in such cases, it is not reasonable to apply the label 'PIO' to the descendents of emigrants from several centuries back, especially since intermixture is so great as to negate the value of such nomenclature in this context.
During the nineteenth century and until the end of the Raj, much of the migration that happened was of a forced nature - export of (thinly disguised) slave labor to other colonies under the indenture system. The major destinations, in chronological order, were Mauritius, British Guyana, the West Indies (Trinidad and Jamaica), Fiji and East Africa. There was also a small amount of free emigration of skilled laborers and professionals to some of these countries in the twentieth century.The event that triggered this diaspora was the Act of Emancipation passed by the British Parliament on August 1, 1834 which freed the slave labour force throughout the British colonies. This left many of the plantations devoid of adequate work force as the newly freed slaves left to take advantage of their newly found freedom.This resulted in an extreme shortage of labour throughout many of the British colonies which was resolved by massive importation of workers engaged under contracts of indentured servitude.
An unrelated system involved recruitment of workers for the tea plantations of the neighboring British colonies of Sri Lanka and Burma and the rubber plantations of British Malaya (now Malaysia and Singapore).
During the Partition of India, there was a lot of migration between India and Pakistan, primarily of Muslims relocating to West Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs relocating to India. A similar migration took place on the East side of India in the Bengal region between East Pakistan (since 1971 the nation of Bangladesh) and the Indian state of West Bengal. In total, about 7 million Muslims shifted to Pakistan, 10 million Hindus and Sikhs went to India, and anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million people died in riots and religious strife. Government policy, especially in lieu of India's reaching out to expatriates for investment (and extending, in some cases, offers of dual-citizenship), has refused to recognize Pakistanis and Bangladeshis as, officially, Persons of Indian Origin. This interesting situation is not, of course, a denial of recent history, but a result of the divisive nationalism that exists between India and Pakistan and, to a lesser extent, Bangladesh.
After independence in 1947, the pattern of emigration naturally changed. At first Indians sought better fortune mainly in the United Kingdom, but later North America, especially the USA (with 1.7 million Indians in total), became the favored destination after change in Indian emigration law that made this possible. Some displaced PIOs in Africa (especially under Idi Amin in Uganda) and the Caribbean also reached the UK. Smaller numbers of Indians have also emigrated to the English-speaking countries like Australia.
After the 1970s oil boom in the Middle East, a large number of Indians emigrated to the Gulf countries. However, this was on a contractual basis rather than permanent as in the other cases.
[编辑] 「源自印度人士」概況
[编辑] 在美國的印度人
- Main article: Indian American
Indians in the USA are one of the largest among the groups of Indian diaspora, numbering about 1.7 million, and probably the most well off - their median income is 1.5 times that of the host country. They are well represented in all walks of life, but particularly so in academia, information technology and medicine. There were over 4000 PIO professors and 33,000 Indian-born students in American universities in 1997-98. The American Association of the Physicians of Indian Origin boasts a membership of 35,000. In 2000, Fortune magazine estimated the wealth generated by Indian Silicon Valley entrepreneurs at around $250 billion.
There appear to be class differences within the Indian American community, with earlier professional immigrants looking down upon working-class communities who are later first generation immigrants. Gujarati shopkeepers and Punjabi cab drivers are common stereotypes of the latter community. Another large community is that of Telugus. Most older generation Telugus are mostly doctors or folks who came to do their masters and settled down. The majority of recent Telugus are IT professionals who came to US late 90s onwards during the IT boom.
These IT professionals (whether Telugus or non-Telugus) form yet another social class of their own somewhere between the professional immigrants or immigrants who came to do their schooling in United States, and working-class communities. These IT professionals are also referred to as 'H-1' or 'H-1 types'.
Americans of Indian descent have, in the past, been targets of racism by members of all ethnic groups--though it has dissipated substantially. Some of it is overt, perhaps the worst example being the New Jersey dot busters - groups of thugs who sought ethnic Indians and mugged them or attacked their property in the late 80s and early 90s, the "dot" referring to the bindi worn traditionally by Hindu women on their forehead. These attacks were racially motivated, and alienated the Indian population from the American mainstream. This lack of assimilation has created many problems for both ethnic Indians as well as non Indians.
Another peculiarity are most children of these immigrants - also called as "ABCD" - American Born Confused Desi. This term (usually used as something of an insult) reflects the fact that these first generation Americans find themselves stuck between traditional parents and upbringing at home and the more liberal and open community outside. This "in-between-ness" can leave them with uncertainty about their own role in society - neither Indian nor American.
[编辑] 在英國的印度人
The Indian emigrant community in the United Kingdom is now in its third generation. As an immigrant group, people of Indian origin have been remarkably successful.
A remarkable collection of the oral history of the British NRIs is available on Britain's leading NRI website History Talking.com. It's a web radio where you can listen to some of the leading NRIs living in the UK.
Stereotypes about Indians have now moved from their being bus-conductors, waiters, and small shopkeepers to their being doctors, lawyers, accountants and successful businesspeople. Increasingly, the second and third generation of Indians has started inter-marrying with the rest of the population, to the point where this has in itself become a stereotype.
In a few local areas, ethnic tension has resulted in ill-feeling and racist violence against immigrants, and groups such as the British National Party have exploited this. However, in general, racism towards people of Indian origin has greatly reduced from the early days of mass immigration after Partition and the expulsion of the Ugandan Indians.
Indian culture has been constantly referenced within wider British culture, at first as an "exotic" influence in films like My Beautiful Laundrette, but now increasingly as a familiar feature in films like Bend It Like Beckham. Indian food is now regarded as part of the British cuisine.
According to the April 2001 UK National Census [2], 4.37% of the population of England and Wales identified themselves as "Asian" or "Asian British", and 0.36% as "Mixed: White and Asian", making a total of 4.73% of the population, or 2.46 million people, identifying themselves as of "Asian" descent. (Note: in the UK context, "Asian" means Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi).
[编辑] 在馬來西亞的印度人
- Main article: Chitty
Indians migrated to Malaysia as plantation laborers under British rule. They are a significant minority ethnic group, making up 10% of the Malaysian population. Most of these are Tamil but some Malayalam and Telugu speaking people are also present. They have retained their languages and religion -- 80% of ethnic Indians in Malaysia identify as Hindus. Hinduism in Malaysia diverges from mainstream (post-Vedantic) Hinduism: its main feature is Mother-goddess (Amman) worship; caste deities, tantric rituals, folk beliefs, non-Agamic temples, and animal sacrifice are its other characteristics. Deepavali and Thaipusam are the main festivals.However, there is an increase in agamic worship in Malaysia, due to the efforts of Malaysian Hindu Sangam and several notable Hindu leaders such as Subhramanya Swami of Hinduism Today.
[编辑] 在中東的印度人
There is a huge population of Indians in the Middle East, especially in the oil rich monarchies neighboring the Persian Gulf. Most moved to the Gulf after the oil boom to work as labourers and for clerical jobs. However, a significant minority are either employed in the highest echelons of major banks and corporations or have prospered greatly through conducting business in the region. Indians in the Gulf do not become citizens however. They retain their Indian passports since the countries in the Gulf do not provide citizenship or permanent residency. One of the major reasons Indians still like to work in the Gulf is because of the tax-free income it provides and its proximity to India.
[编辑] 統計數字
以下是世界各國和地區「非居往印度人」的大約人口。
亞洲（不包括中東）
- 尼泊爾 4,000,000
- 斯里蘭卡 950,000
- 不丹 70,000
- 阿富汗 46,000
- 馬來西亞 1,800,000
- 緬甸 400,000
- 新加坡 300,000
- 泰國 65,000
- 印尼 30,000
- 菲律賓 30,000
- 香港 25,000
中東
非洲
- 南非 1,200,000
- 毛里求斯 800,000
- 甶尼汪 250,000
- 肯雅 70,000
- 烏干達 60,000
- 坦桑尼亞 50,000
- 馬達加斯加 30,000
- 莫桑比克 21,000
- 贊比亞 20,000
- 津巴布韋 20,000
歐洲
北美洲
拉丁美洲
大洋洲
