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平移 - Wikipedia

平移

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歐幾里德幾何平移是將物件的每向同一方向移動相同距離。

它等矩同構,是歐幾里德空間仿射變換的一種。它可以視為將同一個向量加到每點上,或將坐標系統的中心移動所得的結果。即是說,若\mathbf{v}是一個已知的向量,\mathbf{p}是空間中一點的位置向量,平移T_{\mathbf{v}}\mathbf{p}=\mathbf{p}+\mathbf{v}

將同一點平移兩次,結果可用一次平移表示,即T_{\mathbf{v}}(T_{\mathbf{u}}(\mathbf{p}))=T_{\mathbf{v}+\mathbf{u}}(\mathbf{p}),因此所有平移的集是一個,稱為平移群。這個群和空間同構,又是歐幾里德群E(n)的正則子群。

T對E的商群與正交群O(n)同構:E(n) / T = O(n)。

[编辑] 矩陣表示

例如在三維空間,使用齊次座標,T_{\mathbf{v}}可用矩陣表示為

\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & v_x \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & v_y \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & v_z \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1  \end{bmatrix}

平移的結果T_{\mathbf{v}}(\mathbf{p})就是:

T_{\mathbf{v}} =  \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & v_x \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & v_y \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & v_z \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1  \end{bmatrix}

平移的逆矩陣T^{-1}_{\mathbf{v}} = T_{-\mathbf{v}}。兩個平移矩陣的就是兩次平移的結果:T_{\mathbf{u}}T_{\mathbf{v}} = T_{\mathbf{u}+\mathbf{v}}。因為向量加法符合交換律,所以平移群不像一般矩陣乘法,平移矩陣乘法是可交換的。

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