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多邊形數 - Wikipedia

多邊形數

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多邊形數是可以排成正多邊形整數。古代數學家發現某些數目的豆子或珠子可以排成正多邊形。例如10可以排成三角形

   x
  x x
 x x x
x x x x

但它不能排成正方形,而9則可以:

x x x
x x x
x x x

有些數既可排成三角形,又可排成正方形,例如36(這些數稱為三角平方數):

x x x x x x 
x x x x x x 
x x x x x x 
x x x x x x 
x x x x x x 
x x x x x x 
       x 
      x x 
     x x x 
    x x x x 
   x x x x x 
  x x x x x x 
 x x x x x x x 
x x x x x x x x 

多邊形數可以幫助數數目。例如將一堆圓形的藥丸倒進一個等邊三角形的盒,便可以透過數每邊的藥丸數目來知道藥丸的數目。

將多邊形數擴充到下一個項的方法是,擴充某兩個相連的臂,然後將中間的空白處補上。下面的圖,每個增加的層用「+」表示。

三角形數

1:

+               x

3:

 x               x
+ +             x x

6:

  x               x
 x x             x x
+ + +           x x x

10:

   x               x
  x x             x x
 x x x           x x x
+ + + +         x x x x

正方形數

1:

+               x

4:

x +             x x
+ +             x x

9:

x x +           x x x
x x +           x x x
+ + +           x x x

16:

x x x +         x x x x
x x x +         x x x x
x x x +         x x x x
+ + + +         x x x x

五邊形數:

1:

+                   x

5:

 x                   x
+ +                 x x 
+ +                 x x 

12:

   x                   x
  x x                 x x
+ x x +             x x x x
+     +             x     x
+  +  +             x  x  x 

1是任何多邊形數的第一項。

ns邊形數的公式是 \frac{n((s-2)n-(s-4))}{2}

費馬多邊形數定理指出每個數最多是n個n邊形的和。

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