ګيانا

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{{{اصلي نوم}}}

[[Image:{{{بېرغ}}}|125px|د {{{عام نوم}}} بېرغ]] [[Image:{{{نښان}}}|110px|د {{{عام نوم}}} نښان]] [[د {{{عام نوم}}} بېرغ|بېرغ]] [[د {{{عام نوم}}} نښان|نښان]]
Motto: One People, One Nation, One Destiny
ملي ترانه: {{{ملي سرود}}}
[[Image:{{{نخشه}}}|250px|د {{{عام نوم}}} موقيعت]]
پلازمېنه	{{{پلازمېنه}}} 6°48′ N 58°10′ W
[[د {{{عام نوم}}} لوی ښار|لوی ښار ]]	{{{لوی ښار}}}
(رسمي ژبه/ ژبې)	{{{رسمي ژبه}}}
حکومت {{{د لارښود لقب}}}	{{{د حکومت بڼه}}} {{{د لارښود نوم}}}
{{{زمکنۍ بشپړتيا}}} From the UK	May 26, 1966
مساحت  • ټولټال    • اوبه (%)	[[{{{د مساحت ارتوالی}}} m²|{{{مساحت}}} km²]] {{{مساحتي وېش}}} 83,000.4 mi²  {{{د اوبو سلنه}}}
د وګړو شمېر  • [[As of {{{د وګړو د شمېر د اټکل کال}}}|{{{د وګړو د شمېر د اټکل کال}}}]] est.  • [[As of {{{د وګړو د سرشمېرنې کال}}}|{{{د وګړو د سرشمېرنې کال}}}]] census  • ګڼه ګونه	{{{د وګړو اټکل}}} (163th) {{{د وګړو سرشمېرنه}}} {{{د وګړو ګڼه ګونه}}}/km² (184th) {{{د وګړو ګڼه ګونهmi²}}}/mi²
GDP (PPP)  • ټولټال  • Per capita	2005 estimate $3.002 billion (172nd) $3,900 (147th)
HDI (2003)	0.720 (107th) – medium
پېسه	{{{پېسه}}} ({{{د پېسو نښه}}})
د ساعت توپير  • Summer (DST)	{{{وخت}}} (UTC-4) (UTC)
د انټرنېت م.م(TLD)	.gy
هېوادنی کوډ	{{{هېوادنی کوډ}}}
ټيليفوني پېل ګڼ	+{{{پېل ګڼ}}}
1 note: Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.). 2 about 230,000 live in Georgetown

The Co-operative Republic of Guyana is a nation on the northern coast of South America, just above the Equator and a part of the western part of the wider region of Guiana. The country is bordered to the east by Suriname, to the south by Brazil, to the west by Venezuela and to the north by the Atlantic Ocean. It is the third smallest country in South America and approximately the size of Great Britain or Idaho.

Guyana is an Amerindian word meaning Land of Many Waters, and the country is mostly characterized by vast unspoiled rain forests dissected by numerous rivers, creeks and beautiful waterfalls. It is also famous for being a proposed location of legendary El Dorado, the inspiration for The Lost World, for its friendly multicultural society, high biodiversity, prize-winning rum, wooden architecture, and Demerara sugar. Guyana's water walls is known to be one of the most popular attraction because it is inspired by the many waters of Guyana.

Though physically part of South America, culturally, Guyana is more Caribbean than Latin American—demonstrated by the fact that English is the main language — and it is often considered part of the West Indies. Other languages include Portuguese, Guyanese Creole English, Spanish, Hindustani, Waiwai, Arawak and Macushi.

نيوليک 1 History 2 Politics 2.1 Heads of Government 2.2 Heads of State 3 Political Divisions/Regions 4 Geography 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Culture 8 Ecology and World Heritage Site status 9 Landmarks 10 Military 11 Trivia 12 Miscellaneous topics 13 See also 14 Further reading 15 External links

[سمادول] History

Main article: History of Guyana

At the time the first Europeans arrived in the area around 1500, Guyana was inhabited by Arawak and Carib tribes of Amerindians. European invasion/settlement began in the early 17th century with the Dutch, who established three separate colonies; Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752). The British assumed control in the late 18th century and the Dutch formally ceded the area in 1814. The three became a single British colony known as British Guiana in 1831.

The abolition of slavery in 1834 led to black settlement of urban areas and the importation of indentured laborers from Madeira (Portugal) (beginning in 1834), Germany (first in 1835), Ireland (1836), Scotland (1837), Malta (1839), China and India (beginning in 1838) to work on the sugar plantations. In 1889 Venezuela claimed the land up to the Essequibo. Ten years later an international tribunal ruled the land belonged to British Guiana; however, the dispute continues [1].

Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1966 and became a republic in 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth. The CIA and United States State Department along with the British government played a strong covert role in influencing who would control Guyana during this time.

[سمادول] Politics

Main article: Politics of Guyana

Legislative power rests in the unicameral Guyanese parliament, called the National Assembly, with 53 members chosen on the basis of proportional representation from national lists named by the political parties. An additional 12 members are elected by regional councils at the same time as the National Assembly.

Executive authority is exercised by the president, who appoints and supervises the prime minister and other ministers. The president is not directly elected; each party presenting a slate of candidates for the assembly must designate in advance a leader who will become president if that party receives the largest number of votes. Any dissolution of the assembly and election of a new assembly can lead to a change in the assembly majority and consequently a change in the presidency. An ethnocultural divide between the two main ethnic groups has persisted and has on occasion led to turbulent politics.

The highest judicial body is the Court of Appeal, headed by a chancellor of the judiciary. The second level is the High Court, presided over by a chief justice. The chancellor and the Chief Justice are appointed by the president. The Audit Office of Guyana (AOG) is the country's Supreme Audit Institution (SAI).

Guyana is a full and participating founder-member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the headquarters of which is located in Georgetown. The CARICOM Single Market & Economy (CSME) will, by necessity, bring Caribbean-wide legislation into force and a Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ).

[سمادول] Heads of Government

• Bharrat Jagdeo 1999 - Present
• Janet Jagan 1997 - 1999
• Samuel Hinds March 6 1997 - 19 December 1997
• Desmond Hoyte 1985 - 1992
• Forbes Burnham 1966 - 1985
• Cheddi Jagan 1957 - 1964, 1992 - 1997

[سمادول] Heads of State

• Sir Richard Edmonds Luyt: 26 May - 16 December 1966

• Sir David James Gardiner Rose: 16 December 1966 - 10 November 1969

• Sir Edward Victor Luckhoo: 10 November 1969 - 22 February 1970

• Arthur Chung 1970 - 1980

*Note: Guyana has adopted the Presidential System form of Government hence the current Head of State (the President) also holds the portfolio of Head of Government and Supreme Executive Authority.

[سمادول] Political Divisions/Regions

Main article: Regions of Guyana

Guyana consists of 10 regions:

• Barima-Waini (Region 1)
• Cuyuni-Mazaruni (Region 7)
• Demerara-Mahaica (Region 4)
• East Berbice-Corentyne (Region 5)
• Essequibo Islands-West Demerara (Region 3)
• Mahaica-Berbice (Region 6)
• Pomeroon-Supenaam (Region 2)
• Potaro-Siparuni (Region 8)
• Upper Demerara-Berbice (Region 10)
• Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo (Region 9)

[سمادول] Geography

Main article: Geography of Guyana

Guyana can be divided into three regions: a narrow and fertile marshy plain along the Atlantic coast where most of the population lives, then a white sand belt more inland consisting of dense rainforests and containing most of Guyana's mineral deposits, and finally the larger interior highlands consisting mostly of mountains that gradually rise to the Brazilian border. Guyana's main mountains are contained here, including Mount Ayanganna (6,699 ft; 2,042 m) and on Mount Roraima (9,301 ft; 2,835 m - highest mountain in Guyana) on the Brazil-Guyana-Venezuela tripoint, part of the Pakaraima range. Roraima is said to be have been the inspiration for The Lost World. There are also many steep escarpments and waterfalls, including the famous Kaieteur Falls. Between the Rupununi River and the border with Brazil lies the Rupununi savannah, south of which lie the Kanuku Mountains.

There are many rivers in the country, the main four being (west to east) the Essequibo, the Demerara, the Berbice and the Corentyne along the border with Suriname. At the mouth of the Essequibo are several large islands. The 90 mile (145 km) Shell Beach along the north-west coast of Guyana is a major breeding area for turtles and other wildlife.

The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderated by northeast trade winds along the coast. There are two rainy seasons, the first from May to mid-August, the second from mid-November to mid-January.

See also List of cities in Guyana, Regions of Guyana

[سمادول] Economy

Main article: Economy of Guyana

The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (producing rice and Demerara sugar), bauxite mining, gold mining, timber, shrimp and minerals. The sugar industry, which accounts for 28% of all export earnings, is largely run by Guysuco which employs more people than any other industry. Many industries have a large foreign investment. The mineral industry, for example, is heavily invested in by the American company Reynolds Metals and the Canadian Alcan and the Korean/Malaysian Barama Company has a large stake in the logging industry.

The Guyanese economy has exhibited moderate economic growth since 1999, based on an expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favorable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organizations. Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labor and a deficient infrastructure. The government is juggling a sizable external debt against the urgent need for expanded public investment. Low prices for key mining and agricultural commodities combined with troubles in the bauxite and sugar industries threaten the government's already tenuous fiscal position and dim prospects for the future.

Major private sector organizations include the Private Sector Commission (PSC) and the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI); see a list of companies in Guyana.

Economic Summary - GDP/PPP (2004 est.): $2.899 billion; per capita $3,800. Real growth rate: 1.9%. Inflation: 4.5%. Unemployment: 9.1% (2000) (understated). Arable land: 2%. Labor force: 418,000 (2001 est.); agriculture n.a., industry n.a., services n.a. Agriculture: sugar, rice, wheat, vegetable oils; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish, shrimp. Industries: bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining. Natural resources: bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish. Exports: $570.2 million (f.o.b., 2004 est.): sugar, gold, bauxite/alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, rum, timber. Imports: $650.1 million (f.o.b., 2004 est.): manufactures, machinery, petroleum, food. Major trading partners: Canada, U.S., UK, Portugal, Belgium, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Italy, Cuba (2003)

Communications - Telephones: Main lines in use: 102,700 (2004 - source: ITU); Mobile cellular: 219,000 (Sep 2005 - source: Informa Telecoms). Radio broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998). Television broadcast stations: 14 (one public station; two private stations which relay U.S. satellite services) (2005). Internet hosts : 642 (2004 - source: ITU). Internet users: 145,000 (2004 - source: ITU).

Transportation - Railways: total: 116 miles (187 km)—all dedicated to ore transport—(2001 est.). Highways: total: 4,952 miles (7,970 km); paved: 367 miles (590 km); unpaved: 4,586 miles or 7,380 kilometres (1999 est.). Waterways: 669 miles (1,077 km); note: Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 93 miles (150 km), 62 miles (100 km), and 50 miles (80 km) respectively (2004) . Ports and harbors: Georgetown. Airports: 49 (2004 est.).

[سمادول] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Guyana

Guyana's population of 751,223 (Statistics Bureau, 2002) is diverse: the three largest groups are the Indians or Indo-Guyanese (43.5% in 2002) who have remained predominantly rural, the Africans or Afro-Guyanese (30.2%) who constitute the majority urban population, and those of mixed origin (16.7%). The Amerindians (9.2%) who live in the country's interior, are divided into a number of different groups, the main ones being the Akawaio, Arawak, Carib, Macushi, Makuxi, Pemon and Wapishana. Several smaller groups, including Chinese, Portuguese, "Whites" (Europeans other than Portuguese, including British) and others make up less than 1% of the population. The overwhelming majority of the population - around 90% - live along the coastal strip, where population density is more than 298 persons per square mile (115/km²). There is much racial tension between the Indian and African communities, and the two main parties are largely mono-racial. The trend over time is for the Amerindian and mixed-race proportion to grow, mainly at the expense of the Indo-Guyanese proportion, while the black percentage remains roughly stable. In 1980, Guyana had an absolute majority (51.9%) of Indo-Guyanese, but now no group forms a majority.

Religion in Guyana runs mainly along racial lines. Christianity (50%) predominantly Anglicanism, is the main religion practiced by Afro-Guyanese, though some are Black Muslim or other Christian denominations. The Indo-Guyanese community mainly follow Hinduism (35%), though there is a sizable minority who practice Islam (10%). Guyana is the country with the largest percentage of Bahá'ís (7%).

Emigration has been a large and persistent problem in Guyana, with an estimated 500,000 Guyanese living abroad. Since independence, as many as 10,000 Guyanese have left and settled permanently in the United States alone per year and demand to emigrate remains very high. Canada, the United Kingdom and English-speaking Caribbean islands are the other main countries people choose to emigrate to. At the same time, the birth rate has fallen sharply, and because of the emigration, can no longer sustain the country's population level. Many in the government worry that the country may become depopulated, but few concrete steps have been taken to stem the outflow. Results from the 2002 census, however, suggest that emigration in the last decade has decreased somewhat compared to the 1980s.

[سمادول] Culture

Holidays

Date	English Name	Remarks
January 1	New Year's Day
February 23	Mashramani-Republic Day
Variable	Phagwah
Variable	Eid-ul-Fitr
Variable	Good Friday
Variable	Easter Monday
May 1	Labour Day
May 26	Independence Day
July	CARICOM Day
August 1	Emancipation Day
Variable	Diwali
December 25	Christmas
December 26	Boxing Day

Main article: Culture of Guyana

Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking Caribbean. It is so similar that Guyana is included and accepted as a Caribbean Nation and is a member of the Caribbean Community Caricom economic bloc. Only its geographical location differentiates it from the rest of the English speaking Caribbean countries. Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc. Guyana plays international cricket as a part of the West Indies cricket team, and the Guyana team plays first class cricket against other nations of the Caribbean. Further adding to its distinction as a member of the Caribbean community, Guyana is a member of CONCACAF, the international football federation for North and Central America and the Caribbean.

For Guyanese writers see Literature of Guyana.

Music & Entertainment in Guyana follows the lead of other Caribbean countries and India. Radio stations play the latest reggae, dancehall, soca and chutney as well as Bollywood influences of bhangra and other hindi music. Local television stations air American, British and Indian broadcasts. Night clubs in Georgetown belt out the latest music late into the night on weekends.

Cuisine and Recipes

For the main article, see Guyanese Cuisine and Recipes

Cultural events in Guyana

• Mashramani (Mash)
• Phagwah (Holi)
• Deepavali (Diwali)

The major religion in Guyana is Christianity, accounting for approx. 48% of the population. Hindus make up approx. 36%, while Muslims account for 12% of the population. The rest of the population is split into a number of other religious groups.

Sport in Guyana The major sports in Guyana are cricket (Guyana is part of the West Indies as defined for international cricket purposes), softball cricket (beach cricket) and football. The minor sports in Guyana are netball, rounders, lawn tennis, basketball, table tennis, boxing, and a few others.

Languages English (official language), Amerindian dialects (see Cariban languages), Guyanese Creole, Hindi, Urdu.

[سمادول] Ecology and World Heritage Site status

Countries interested in the conservation and protection of natural and cultural heritage sites of the world accede to the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage that was adopted by UNESCO in 1972. Guyana is no exception, and signed the treaty in 1977. In fact, Guyana was the first Caribbean State Party to sign the treaty. Sometime in the latter half of the mid-1990s Guyana seriously began the process of selecting sites for World Heritage nomination and three sites were considered: Kaieteur National Park, Shell Beach and Historic Georgetown. By 1997, work on Kaieteur National Park was started and in 1998 work on Historic Georgetown was begun. To date, however, Guyana has not made a successful nomination.

In 2000(?) Guyana submitted the Kaieteur National Park, including the Kaieteur Falls, to UNESCO as its first World Heritage Site nomination. The proposed area and surrounds have some of Guyana’s most diversified life zones with one of the highest levels of endemic species found anywhere in South America. The Kaieteur Falls is the most spectacular feature of the park falling a distance of 226 m and exceeding the height of Niagara Falls (USA/Canada) five times. Unfortunately, the nomination of Kaieteur Park as a World Heritage Site was not successful, primarily because the area was seen by the evaluators as being too small, especially when compared with the Central Suriname Nature Reserve that had just been nominated as a World Heritage Site (2000). The dossier was thus returned to Guyana for revision.

Guyana continues in its bid for a World Heritage Site. Work continues, after a period of hiatus, on the nomination dossier for Historic Georgetown – a Tentative List indicating Historic Georgetown as being put forward for nomination was submitted to UNESCO in December 2004. There is now a small committee put together by the Guyana National Commission for UNESCO to complete the nomination dossier and the management plan for the site. Recently, in April 2005, two Dutch experts in Conservation spent two weeks in Georgetown supervising Architecture staff and students of the University of Guyana in a historic building survey of the selected area. This is part of the data collection for the nomination dossier. It is expected that the completed nomination document will be submitted in 2006.

Meanwhile, as a result of the Kaieteur National Park being considered too small, there is a proposal to prepare a nomination for a Cluster Site that will include the Kaieteur National Park, the Iwokrama Forest and the Kanuku Mountains. The Iwokrama Rain Forest, an area rich in biological diversity, has been described by Major General (Rtd) Joseph Singh as “a flagship project for conservation.” The Kanuku Mountains area is in a pristine state, and is home to more than 400 birds and animals. These three sites together, we feel, more than adequately meet the requirements of exceptional natural beauty and biological diversity, as well as the requirements of size and integrity, for a successful nomination.

There is much work to be done for the successful nomination of these sites to the World Heritage List. The State, the private sector and the ordinary Guyanese each have a role to play in this process and in the later protection of the sites. Inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage will open Guyana to more serious tourists thereby assisting in its economic development.

Guyana exhibits two of the WWF's Global 200 ecoregions most crucial to the conservation of global biodiversity, Guianan moist forests and Guyana Highlands moist forests and is home to several endemic species including the tropical hardwood Greenheart (Chlorocardium rodiei).

[سمادول] Landmarks

• St. George's Anglican Church - Was the tallest wooden building in the world at the time of construction. Now dwarfed by other structures such as the Todaiji Temple in Japan.

• Demerara Harbour Bridge - Was the longest floating bridge in the world. Now the fourth longest floating bridge in the world.

• Kaieteur Falls one of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world.

• Caribbean Community (CARICOM) International Headquarters Building - houses the largest and most powerful political union in the Caribbean.

• Providence Stadium-to be built on the east bank of the Demerara River for the ICC World Cup 2007. Construction has started. When completed it will be a major spot for leisure in Guyana. It will also be near the Providence Mall which, when completed, will be the largest mall in Guyana.

• Guyana International Conference Center - presented as a gift from the People's Republic of China to the Government of Guyana . It is the only one of its kind in the country .

[سمادول] Military

Military branches: Guyana Defence Force (GDF; includes Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Corps), Guyana People's Militia (GPM), Guyana National Service (GNS), Guyana Police Force

Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 206,199 (2002 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 155,058 (2002 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: $7 million (FY94)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.7% (FY94)

[سمادول] Trivia

• The 1856 British Guiana 1c magenta stamp is considered the rarest in the world, with only one copy known to exist.

• The 1959 film Green Mansions, starring Audrey Hepburn and Anthony Perkins, was filmed in Guyana (then British Guiana).

• Guyana is the only South American country where the death penalty is still in use for serious crimes and where homosexuality remains illegal.

• On November 18 1978, the Jonestown Massacre took place in the jungle of Northwest Guyana; 912 members of the cult died in a mass suicide.

• The Guinness Book of Records (1990 ed) lists the Guyanese born Sir Lionel Luckhoo as "the world's most successful lawyer" because he obtained 245 consecutive acquittals for his clients that were accused of murder.

• Guyanese people say that if you visit Guyana and "Eat Labba and Drink Black Water", you are bound to return to Guyana. (Labba is a small agouti or South American rodent that is eaten in a dark stew called "pepper pot", "Black water" is the water found in the many creeks in the interior of Guyana, made black by tanin found in rotting vegetation).

[سمادول] Miscellaneous topics

• Communications in Guyana
• Foreign relations of Guyana
• Military of Guyana
• Music of Guyana
• Transportation in Guyana
• Islam in Guyana

[سمادول] See also

• French Guiana
• Suriname (formerly Dutch Guiana)

[سمادول] Further reading

• All the Cowboys Were Indians Stanley E. Brock
• Bush Pilot In Diamond Country Donald Haack
• The Cycle of Racial Oppression in Guyana Kean Gibson
• Georgetown Journal Andrew Salkey, 1970
• Guyana (Enchantment of the World Series) Marion Morrison
• Guyana Bob Temple
• Guyana Farewell: A Recollection of Childhood in a Faraway Place Noel C. Bacchus
• Guyana: Fragile Frontier Marcus Colchester
• Guyana: The Lost Eldorado, My Fifty Years in the Guyanese Wilds Matthew French Young
• Journey To Guyana Margaret Bacon
• Jungle Cowboy Stanley E. Brock
• The Making of Guyana Vere T. Daly
• Masters of All They Surveyed : Exploration, Geography and a British El Dorado D. Graham Burnett
• Metegee: The History and Culture of Guyana Ovid Abrams
• Ninety-Two Days Evelyn Waugh
• Three Singles To Adventure Gerald Durrell
• Through Indian Eyes: A Journey Among the Indian Tribes of Guiana Colin Henfrey
• U.S. Intervention in British Guiana : A Cold War Story Stephen G. Rabe
• Wanderings in South America Charles Waterton
• Zoo Quest to Guiana David Attenborough, 1956 (Lutterworth Press, London)

For books specifically about the Jonestown massacre, see Further Reading on the Jonestown page

[سمادول] External links

Template:Sisterlinks

• Guyana Resource Center

Government

• President of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana - Official Website
• National Assembly
• Official Website of the Guyana Tourism Authority (GTA)
• Official Website of the Guyana Office for Investment - GO-Invest
• Government of Guyana National HIV/AIDS Programme - National website providing HIV/AIDS information to health professionals, general public and partners.
• [2] - Declassified US State Department documents detailing covert action from the start of postwar independence.

General

• SDNP Guyana - Guyanese directory and host to ministerial sites
• Open Directory Project - Guyana directory category
• The Black Magic Lounge - Fresh content and unique design like no other Guyanese site
• Guyana Outpost - One of the premier web sites on Guyana and Guyanese
• Guyana - On Guyana and its people
• BBC profile of Guyana
• Hinduism in Guyana and Suriname

News media

• - Guyana News and InformationOne of the most popular websites for current news and information, this site also hosts an email directory of people from the Guyanese Community and Discussion Forum.
• GINA - Government Information Agency. Updated daily.
• The Guyana Chronicle - Local daily government run newspaper.
• Kaieteur news - Local daily independent newspaper.
• Stabroek News - Local daily independent newspaper. Updated daily and maintains archives for 7 days.

• Get an overview of Guyana on Google Maps.

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