मानव अधिकार
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मानव अधिकार (अङ्ग्रेजीमा Human rights, ह्युमन राइट्स) यस्तो अधिकारहरु हो, जुन सबै मान्छेले केबल मानव भएको नाताले पाँउनु पर्दछ। यी अधिकारहरु विश्वब्यापी हुन् त्यसैले प्रत्यक मानिसले पाउनु। मान्छेको जात, धर्म, सम्प्रदाय, राष्ट्रियता, उमेर, लिङ्ग, राजनैतिक विचार, ज्ञान, अपाङ्गता, लैङ्गिक झुकाव, लैङ्गिक परिचय, आदि जेसुकै भएपनि फरक पर्दैन। प्रत्येक मानिसले मानव अधिकार पाउनु पर्छ।
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[परिवर्तन्] मानव अधिकारको इतिहास
The idea of human rights comes from some ideas that are found in religions. Many religions have laws or rules about how people should act toward other people. These rules are a way of protecting peoples' human rights. The idea of human rights and the word human rights is not in old books from religions. But some of the rules from religions made people think about the idea of human rights. These also made people think that it was moral to treat people the right way.
The modern idea of human rights started in the European Enlightenment.
In the 16th century people started thinking that people had the right to choose their religion and their leaders. This sort of thinking was important in the English civil war After the war the Philosopher John Locke argued that people should have these rights and was one of the first people to call them human rights. These ideas were also important in the Americain revolution and the French revolution in the 18th century
In the 19th century John Stuart Mill was an important philosopher who thought about human rights. He said that a person should be able to control his body and mind. He talked about three special ideas:
- freedom of speech (being able to say what you want)
- freedom of assembly (being able to meet with others)
- freedom to do what you wish if it does not harm others (even if it is something other people think is bad)
Georg Hegel was also an important philosopher. He talked about the idea of free will. He also talked about what makes a person free. He said that a person has to be able to have certain relations with other people to have true freedom. A person has to be able to:
- own property
- make contracts with other people
- make moral promises to people
- live with family
- get protection from laws
- have a voice in his government
[परिवर्तन्] मानव अधिकार principles
Human rights is an idea or principle. This means it is a concept that people talk about, think about, and believe.
There are many reasons for the principle for human rights:
- Natural law is the idea that there are some true ideas that are here because of the way the natural world is. This also is a religious idea. We also talk about natural law is the law made by God.
- Science shows reasons we have human rights. Biologists say that the reason we feel that human rights are good is because we evolved this way. If an organism is good to other organisms, most of the time both organisms live better.
- Political philosophy also gives reasons for human rights. If all people are treated fairly and good, there will be less fights in society. This is better for all people.
[परिवर्तन्] मानव अधिकार कानून
Because people believe that human rights are important, we have made laws that make certain that people have human rights. These laws say that governments cannot take away people's human rights. These laws punish people if they take away other people's human rights.
Some important political organizations have made statements about human rights. These are not laws, but are also important. If groups or countries do not follow these statements, people say they are very bad. If groups or countries do not follow these statements, people may not talk with them, do business with them, or help them.
Some of the important places that human rights laws are written is in constitutions. The United States' and France's constitutions were two of the oldest places human rights are made in laws.
In 1948 the United Nations made the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This is a very important statement. It says what the United Nations believe are human rights. It is not a law, but is the basis on which two important agreements are written:
- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
These are United Nations human rights Covenants. These are agreements between people or countries. The countries who sign these two covenants say they will do what the covenant says.
[परिवर्तन्] मानव अधिकारको सूची
सैबैजाना आधारभुत मानव अधिकारहरु के के हुन भन्नेमा एकमत छैनन्। यो सूचीमा केही अत्याबस्यक मध्येका छन्:
- जीवन
- आफ्नै निम्ति काम गर्न पाउनु पर्ने (दास हुन नपर्ने)
- सम्पति माथिको अधिकार
- बोल्ने स्वतन्त्रता
- ज्यानको सुरक्षा
- Safety from violence
- Protection from the law
- Not being arrested unless you have committed a crime
- Having a fair trial
- To be seen as innocent (not guilty) even if you are arrested until you are found to be guilty by a fair court
- कुनै देशको नागरिक हुन पाउनु
- मताधिकार
- To seek asylum if your country treats you badly
- मनपरेकोलाई बिबाह गर्न पाउनु
- स्वतन्त्र विचार
- To believe and practice the religion you want
- To peacefully protest (speak against) a government or group
- To a basic standard of living (food, shelter, clothing, etc.)
- Education
- Health care (medical care)
[परिवर्तन्] मानव अधिकार उलङ्घन
Abuse means to hurt someone very badly. Human rights abuses are when someone is hurt in a way that violates (goes against) his human rights. Human rights abuses are also called human rights violations.
मानव अधिकार उलङ्घनका उदाहरणहरु:
- Putting a person in jail because they said that the president is doing bad things
- Taking a person's home because they are from a different country
- Not letting someone who is a citizen of a country vote because she is a woman
- Violence toward someone because he is a Muslim
Many people, groups, and countries think protecting human rights are very important. But not everyone in the world believes in human rights. If these people have political power they can hurt many people. Even if these people have no political power they can be violent to other people. So there are many people who work to protect everyones human rights. Some of these are government groups. Some of them are not with any government. They are sometimes called Human Rights Groups.
[परिवर्तन्] बाह्य संबन्ध
[परिवर्तन्] जानकारी
[परिवर्तन्] मानव अधिकारबादी समुहहरु
Some important human rights groups are:
