Death metal

From Wikipedia

Muzik heavy metal
Asal stilistik	Psychedelic rock, Muzik klasik Eropah dan British blues
Asal kebudayaan	Akhir 1960-an United Kingdom
Alat muzik Tipikal	Gitar - Bes - Dram - Keyboard
Kepopularan aliran utama	Diikuti secara meluas oleh peminat di seluruh dunia.
Bentuk terbitan
Subgenre
Avant garde metal - Black metal - Celtic metal - Classic metal - Death metal - Doom metal - Folk metal - Glam metal - Gothic metal - Groove metal - Melodic death metal - Neo-classical metal - NSBM - Oriental metal - Power metal - Progressive metal - Speed metal - Thrash metal - Viking metal
Lakuran genre
Alternative metal - Blackened death metal - Christian metal - Funk metal - Grindcore - Industrial metal - Metalcore - Nu metal - Rapcore - Sludge metal - Stoner metal - Symphonic metal - Thrashcore
Kawasan
Gothenburg metal - New Wave of British Heavy Metal - Bay Area thrash metal
Perkara lain
Fesyen - Sejarah - Pancaragam - Pemain muzik - Umlaut

Death metal adalah sejenis subgenre bagi muzik heavy metal yang berkembang daripada Thrash Metal semasa awal 1980-an. Ciri-ciri yang biasa dikenali termasuk janjang ritmik serta berkroma dan naratif atau struktur lagu "bercerita" (Nick Shirley) yang tidak mempunyai kitaran rangkap korus tetapi cuma mempunyai perkembangan tema dan motif. Dari segi estetik, ia biasanya dikenal pasti dengan irama gitar yang hebat, bunyi tukulan yang cepat serta kehebatan yang dinamik. "Blast beat" seringnya digunakan untuk bertambah keganasan muzik. Lazimnya, vokal muzik ini merupakan bunyi mengagah yang dinamakan "growl", "death growl", ataupun "death grunt". Bunyi bernyanyi ini sengaja diganggu melalui penggunaan kerongkong. Perbuatan in amat berbeza daripada teknik bernanyi tradisional yang tidak menggalakkan perbuatan ini. Wartawan muzik, Chad Bowar, memerhatikan bahawa gaya ini kekadangnya dinamakan "vokal Cookie monster" ^[1] kerana vokal ini hampir sama dengan "pekikan yang tidak dapat difahami". Mereka yang tidak biasa dengan genre ini kekadang keliru antaranya dengan "Deathrock".

Perkara death metal biasanya melibatkan tema yang lebih nihilistik berbanding genre yang lain dan menggunakan metafora yang mengerikan atau "jahat" untuk menggambarkan konsep yang lebih besar. Tumpuannya kepada kematian serta sifat muzik ini yang keterlaluan mungkin menyebabkan penamaan genre ini sebagai "death" metal.

Lazimnya, death metal dikenali dengan tempo tiba-tiba dan penukaran tanda kiraan/masa, serta permainan gitar dan dram yang terlalu rancak dan rumit, walaupun ia tidak selalu semacam ini. Pancaragam genre ini sering menggunakan gitar dan gitar bes yang ditala turun dan diherot-benyot serta set dram yang hampir sejagatnya mengandungi dua buah dram bes. Walaupun ini merupakan set yang piawai, pancaragam muzik genre ini pernah menggabungkan alat muzik yang lain seperti keyboard. Death metal amat meletihkan pemain muzik, khususnya dalam bentuk yang lebih "teknikal".

Rencana ini diterjemahkan daripada sebahagian rencana Wikipedia bahasa Inggeris. Bantulah Wikipedia menterjemahkan* lagi seperenggan dua. Bahan-bahan boleh didapati di en:Death metal*.
Terima kasih kerana membaca rencana ini. Sumber bantuan: Kamus Dewan Bahasa

[Sunting] Sejarah awal (sehingga 1991)

Death metal is clearly an outgrowth of heavy metal, but the full story is complex and interesting, and is the subject of some debate among fans and musicians.

Although growling vocals are usually the prime factor in identifying death metal, this by itself would also include albums such as Welcome to Hell from 1981 by British metal group Venom—an important early Heavy Metal group—where the vocals may be mostly "growling", but the music is not what is generally meant by "death metal" today, as genres are not usually identified solely by aesthetic form. An example of this is the band Slayer, who many consider the forefathers of the genre, although they are not purely death metal, they actually are one of the "Big Four" to pioneer Thrash Metal and have given a significant amount influence to other notable death metal bands. It has been said that Slayer's early music, most notably Reign In Blood and Hell Awaits are hugely influential.

Many fans place the birth of death metal around 1983, with the emergence of U.S. bands such as Florida's Death, California's Possessed, and Chicago's Master. This music, although fitting the above description of "extreme brutality and speed" for its time, did not create anything significantly new compared to their immediate predecessors, and one would be hard pressed to identify strong and specific musical differences between, say Death's debut album from 1987 and same-period work by thrash metal bands such as the Brazilian Sepultura or even the aforementioned Venom, except perhaps slightly "growlier" vocals.

To their credit, early "death metal" bands such as Death did push the format forward, something that would ultimately pay off in a new form of music that was substantially different from their closest forefather, thrash metal. Chuck Schuldiner (Human era) with the help of Cynic's Paul Masvidal, and Sean Reinert are considered the creators of melodic death metal and technical death metal, pushing the boundaries of uncompromising technicality, speed, and virtuosity. Chuck Schuldiner in later works after the highly acclaimed album Human, pushed musical prowess and virtuosity to the absolute heights of the metal genre, mixing in highly technical and intricate rhythm work, with complex arrangements and emotive solos.

Other death metal historians maintain that the 1985 brand of "death metal" is more aptly summarised by the oft-used moniker "post-thrash" and that the band Death receives inflated credit partly because of its name. Under this paradigm, the modern concept of "death metal";mdash;the point when it clearly decouples from the origins in heavy metal and thrash metal—can be set to 1989 or 1990.

Just as in the original creation of NWOBHM (New Wave of British Heavy Metal) by Iron Maiden and other bands was sparked by the youthful energy of punk rock in the late 1970s, so did cross-fertilisation between metal and punk once more create something new in the late 1980s. The chaotic and often confusing development that took place around this time is well illustrated by the band Napalm Death, often characterised as a "grindcore" band (see below). This band was simultaneously always part of the hardcore punk scene. However, Napalm Death themselves changed drastically around or before 1990, leaving grindcore (and most of the band members) behind, and on 1990's Harmony Corruption they can be heard playing something one might call "death metal" by the above characterisation. In fact, the project band Terrorizer's album, World Downfall (1989), is clear signs that some merging of hardcore punk and thrash metal is going on.

Many similar works rapidly appeared hot on the heels of Harmony Corruption: Britain's Bolt Thrower, Britain's Carcass, Sweden's Entombed, New York's Suffocation, and Florida's Morbid Angel. But it would be Suffocation's 1991 debut, Effigy of the Forgotten, that would go down in history for combining extreme technicality with uncompromising brutality characteristic of grindcore. They are known today as death metal's most plagiarized act, having part in the spawning of brutal death metal and technical death metal. At this point, all the above characteristics are clearly present: abrupt tempo and count changes, occasionally extremely fast drumwork, morbid lyrics and growling delivery.

[Sunting] Perkembangan kemudian (sejak 1990-an)

During the 1990s, death metal grew in many directions, spawning a rich variety of subgenres, including the following:

Melodic death metal, where harmonies and melodies are much more present in the guitarwork. Although more melodic, it can sound more raw than the more precise sounding American variety. This subgenre is mostly associated with Sweden, especially in Gothenburg, as well as Norway and Finland (see Scandinavian death metal). The genre finds its best representation in At the Gates, In Flames, Dark Tranquillity, and Arch Enemy. The Iron Maiden-esque techniques employed by these "Gothenburg" bands formed a riff-lexicon frequently used by many metalcore bands that have risen in popularity since 2001. Because of this style's origin, these bands are (often mockingly) called Gothencore (See: metalcore). Many metal fans consider this genre to be separate from true death metal.
Florida Death Metal, which includes some of the most notable bands. They are more rigid and percussive than the Swedish variant, more precise, refined and traditional compared to Deathgrind, yet more direct and brutal than the Technical variety. Bands include Deicide, Monstrosity, Obituary, Cannibal Corpse, Death (some albums are technical as well).
Technical death metal, a narrow, but influential subgenre where musical complexity and skill is the main focus. It is represented by bands like Gorguts, Necrophagist, Cynic, Atheist, Origin, and eventually, Death.
Brutal death metal, developed by combining certain aspects of the song structures of goregrind with death metal. Brutal Death Metal is associated with bands like Devourment, Vomit Remnants, and Internal Suffering. One main characteristic of Brutal Death is the vocal style, often called "Cookie Monster" vocals, or "bullfrog" vocals , the words are mostly unintelligible, sung in a grunting and choppy manner, & usually following the guitar riffs. Brutal death bands seem to compete, to try to have lower, sicker vocals than anyone else.. Secondly, the guitar riffs are usually either very chunky or hyper fast, down-tuned, with pinch harmonics, & little to no mid-range in the distortion. Drumming is usually all over the place, from slow churning chunk, to hyper blasting speed, there is almost no middle ground. Suffocation is probably one of the main influences for this style.
Death/doom, which is a slowed down, melancholic subgenre, inspired by classic doom metal. It was created by the likes of Asphyx, Disembowelment, My Dying Bride, Anathema, and Paradise Lost.
Slam death metal, characterised by frequent Hardcore-like breakdowns and low grunting vocals. Internal Bleeding, Devourment (they also borrow heavily from Goregrind), and Dying Fetus are slam death metal bands.
Blackened death, which is death metal mixed with black metal stylistic influences, notable in the vocals and riffing style. Dissection is a prime example of this genre, as is Emperor on their IX Equilibrium album, and Zyklon (featuring former members of Emperor).
Death Thrash (also called Deathrash), which is Thrash with elements of death metal including speed, guitar picking techniques and vocals. In the earliest incarnation this style was the progression from Thrash metal to death metal. Some bands are Benediction, Cancer, Konkhra and Criminal. Some Sepultura albums could also be classified this way.

Grindcore is considered by some to be an even more extreme variant of death metal. However, many fans of grindcore and music historians would place it in a genre by itself, since the genre historically developed in parallel to death metal (both developed in the 1980s, death metal from thrash metal and grindcore from hardcore punk), each influencing the development of the other, but with early grindcore having a much more obvious hardcore punk and peace punk influence. Some early grind bands: Napalm Death, Electro Hippies, Fear of God. Grindcore eventually increased in speed and harshness, into newer bands such as Narcosis, Pigsty, and Agoraphobic Nosebleed.

There are also other heavy metal subgenres that have come from fusions between death metal and other non-metal genres, such as the fusion of death metal and Jazz played by Pestilence on their Spheres album, or the work of Florida bands Atheist and Cynic, the former of which sometimes went as far as to include jazz-style drum solos on albums, and the latter of which incorporated notable influences from fusion.

[Sunting] Seniman utama

Key death metal bands include Atheist, Autopsy, Behemoth, Carcass, Cannibal Corpse, Cryptopsy, Death, Deicide, Entombed, Morbid Angel, Napalm Death, Obituary, Possessed, Suffocation, Opeth, In Flames, Dark Tranquillity, Extol, and Vader