Hawaii

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is  about the U.S. State. For other uses of the term, such as the island, see Hawaii (disambiguation).

State of Hawaii
Mokuʻāina o Hawaiʻi

Flag of Hawaii Seal of Hawaii Nickname(s): The Aloha State Motto(s): Ua Mau ke Ea o ka Aina i ka Pono
Official language(s)	English, Hawaiian
Capital	Honolulu
Largest city	Honolulu
Area	Ranked 43rd
- Total	10,931 sq mi (29,311 km²)
- Width	n/a miles (n/a km)
- Length	1,522 miles (2,450 km)
- % water	41.2
- Latitude	18°55'N to 29°N
- Longitude	154°40'W to 162°W
Population	Ranked 42nd
- Total (2000)	1,211,537
- Density	110.7/sq mi  42.75/km² (13th)
- Median income	$53,123 (8th)
Elevation
- Highest point	Mauna Kea[1] 13,796 ft  (4,205 m)
- Mean	3,035 ft  (925 m)
- Lowest point	Pacific Ocean[1] 0 ft  (0 m)
Admission to Union	August 21, 1959 (50th)
Governor	Linda Lingle (R)
U.S. Senators	Daniel Inouye (D) Daniel Akaka (D)
Time zone	Hawaii: UTC-10 (no daylight saving time)
Abbreviations	HI US-HI
Web site	www.hawaii.gov

The Aloha State
State animal	Humpback Whale
State beverage	None
State bird	Nene (Nēnē) (Branta sandvicensis)
State fish	Reef triggerfish (Humu­humu­nuku­nuku­āpuaʻa)
State flower	Yellow Hibiscus
State fossil	None
State insect	None
and  gemstones">State gem	Black Coral
State motto	Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono ("The life of the land is  perpetuated in righteousness")
State reptile	None
State song	Hawaii Ponoi (Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī) ("Hawaii's own [people]")
State tree	Kukui (Aleurites Moluccana)

Hawaii (ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi: Hawaiʻi) became the 50th state of the United States on August 21, 1959. it  is situated in the North Pacific Ocean, 2,300 miles (3,700 km) from the mainland, at 21°18′41″N, 157°47′47″W. During roughly 1778–1898, Hawaii was also known as the Sandwich Islands.

In dialects of American English, "Hawaii" is  pronounced at least three different ways: (IPA pronunciation: [hə.ˈwaɪ.ji], [hə.ˈwaɪ.i], [hə.ˈwaɪ.ʔi]). In the Hawaiian language, there is  also some variation possible, but the most general pronunciation is  [hə.ˈwəi.ʔi].

Hawaii was first inhabited in roughly AD 1000, by Polynesian settlers who came from islands in the South Pacific, most likely the Marquesas. For nearly 800 years, the people of Hawaii lived in a complex caste society governed by various warring chiefdoms and  an extensive system of religious and  social taboos called the kapu system. British explorer James Cook chanced upon the Hawaiian archipelago in 1778. With the help of foreign advisors and  weapons, a Hawaiian warrior known as Kamehameha began a gradual ascent to power. Before his death in 1819, Kamehameha had succeeded in conquering (through military force, or  in the case of Kauai and  Niihau, by other political means) all of the major Hawaiian islands, a feat never before accomplished in the history of the islands.

The kingdom established by Kamehameha lasted until 1893, when the last Hawaiian monarch, Liliuokalani, was overthrown in a coup led by supporters of the Reform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom and  replaced by a Provisional Government, and  later a Republic. During the kingdom and  republic era, Hawaii's economy transitioned from that of an  isolated state into that of a state integrated into the world's free market, producing and  exporting more  than two hundred thousand tons of sugar annually^[2]. In 1898, Hawaii was annexed to the United States of America and  attained statehood in 1959.

Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Location, topography, and  geology 1.2 Climate 1.3 Important cities and  towns 1.4 Notable features 1.5 Earthquake 2 History 2.1 Hawaiian antiquity 2.2 Hawaiian kingdom 2.2.1 Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy 2.3 Republic of Hawaii 2.4 Hawaiian territory 2.5 Hawaiian statehood 3 Demographics 3.1 Ethnicities 3.2 Religion 3.3 Languages 3.3.1 Origin of Hawaiian 3.3.2 Revival of Hawaiian 3.3.3 Note on Hawaiian language and  ʻokina usage 3.3.4 "Pidgin" 3.3.5 Debates 4 Education 4.1 Schools and  academies 4.2 Colleges and  universities 4.3 Problems 5 Economy 6 Law and  government 7 Transportation 8 Miscellaneous topics 8.1 Etymology 8.2 Symbols 8.3 Media 8.3.1 Newspapers 8.3.2 Television 8.3.3 Film 8.3.4 Other Media 8.4 Culture 8.5 Sister states 8.6 Famous people from Hawaii 9 Photo Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

[edit] Geography

Main article: Hawaiian Islands

[ and  geology">edit] Location, topography, and  geology

Hawaii is  the southernmost state of the United States, and  would be the westernmost, if not for Alaska. it  is one of the only two states (Alaska being the other) that are  outside the contiguous United States, and  do not share a border with another U.S. state. Hawaii is  the only state that: (1) is  without territory on the mainland of any continent; (2) is  completely surrounded by water; and  (3) continues to grow in area because of active extrusive lava flows, most notably from Kilauea (Kīlauea). Except for Easter Island, Hawaii is  the furthest from any other body of land in the world. Hawaii's tallest mountain stands over 13,000 feet (4,000 meters).

The Hawaiian Archipelago comprises eighteen islands and  atolls extending across a distance of 1,500 miles (2,400 km). Of these, eight high islands are  considered the "main islands" and  are located at the southeastern end of the archipelago. These islands are, in order from the northwest to southeast, Niihau (Niʻihau), Kauai (Kauaʻi), Oahu (Oʻahu), Molokai (Molokaʻi), Lanai (Lānaʻi), Kahoolawe (Kahoʻolawe), Maui (Maui), and  Hawaii (Hawaiʻi). The latter is  by far the largest, and  is very often called the "Big Island" or  "Big Isle". The use of that alternative name is  often motivated by a desire to avoid ambiguity with "Hawaii" meaning the entire state (all of the islands), as opposed to only that one island.

All of the Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes arising from the sea floor from a magma source described in geological theory as a hotspot. The theory maintains that as the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean moves in a northwesterly direction, the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. This explains why only volcanoes on the southern half of the Big Island are  presently active.

The last volcanic eruption outside the Big Island happened at Haleakala (Haleakalā) on Maui in the late 18th century (though recent research suggests that Haleakala's most recent eruptive activity could be hundreds of years older[1]). The newest volcano to form is  Loihi Seamount (Lōʻihi), deep below the waters off the southern coast of the Big Island.

The volcanic activity and  subsequent erosion created impressive geological features. The Big Island is  notable as the world's fifth highest island. If the height of the island is  measured from its base, deep in the ocean, to its snow-clad peak on Mauna Kea, it  can be considered one of the tallest mountains in the world.

Because of the islands' volcanic formation, native life before human activity is  said to have  arrived by the "3 W's": wind, waves, and  wings. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and  the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and  near the tropic, has resulted in a vast array of endemic flora and  fauna. Hawaii has more  endangered species per square mile than anywhere else.

Niihau	Kauai	Oahu	Maui
Molokai	Lanai	Kahoolawe	Hawaii

Areas under the control and  protection of the National Park Service include:

• Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail on the Big Island
• Haleakala National Park in Kula
• Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island
• Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Kalaupapa
• Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park in Kailua-Kona
• Puuhonua O Honaunau National Historical Park in Honaunau (Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau)
• Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site in Kawaihae (Puʻukoholā Heiau)
• USS Arizona Memorial at Honolulu

[edit] Climate

The climate of Hawaii is  atypical for a tropical area, and  is regarded as more  subtropical than the latitude would suggest, because of the moderating effect of the surrounding ocean. Temperatures and  humidity tend to be less  extreme, with summer high temperatures seldom reaching above the upper 80s (°F, 27 in °C) and  winter temperatures (at low elevation) seldom dipping below the mid-60s (16 °C). Snow, although not usually associated with tropics, falls at high elevations on Mauna Kea and  Mauna Loa on the Big Island in some winter months. Snow only rarely falls on Maui's Haleakala. Mount Waialeale (Waiʻaleʻale), on the island of Kauai, is  notable for rainfall, having the second highest average annual rainfall on Earth: about 460 inches (38 ft. 4 in., or  11.7 m).

Local climates vary considerably on each island, grossly divisible into windward (Koʻolau) and  leeward (Kona) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face the Northeast Trades and  receive much more  rainfall; leeward sides are  drier, with less  rain and  less cloud cover. This fact is  utilized by the tourist industry, which concentrates resorts on sunny leeward coasts.

Hurricanes are  a rare occurrence in Hawaii, although it  is probable that all the islands of Hawaii have  been hit by a hurricane in the past. Until the 1950's with the advent of satellites, many of the tropical cyclones which hit Hawaii were thought to be Konas, as the Kona and  hurricanes seasons overlap. The worst hurricane to hit Hawaii was Hurricane Iniki in 1992, which showed that Hawaii was indeed vulnerable to a direct hit from a hurricane.

[ and  towns">edit] Important cities and  towns

The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the island of Hawaii to Maui, and  subsequently to Oahu, explains why certain population centers exist where they do today. The largest city, Honolulu, was the one chosen by King Kamehameha III as the capital of his kingdom because of the natural harbor there, the present-day Honolulu Harbor.

The largest city is  the capital, Honolulu, located along the southeast coast of the island of Oahu. Other populous cities include Hilo, Kaneohe (Kāneʻohe), Kailua, Pearl City, Waipahu, Kahului, Kailua-Kona, Kihei (Kīhei), and  Lihue (Līhuʻe).

[edit] Notable features

The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15, 2006, under the 1906 Antiquities Act. The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles (360,000 km²) of reefs, atolls and  shallow and  deep sea (out to 50 miles offshore) in the Pacific Ocean — larger than all of America's National Parks combined.^[3]

[edit] Earthquake

Main article: 2006 Hawaii earthquake

On Sunday, October 15, 2006 at 7:07 am  local time, there was an  earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7, off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near the Kona / Waikoloa area of the big island in Hawaii. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock. Minor-to-moderate structural damage was reported on most of the big island, with effects felt as far away as Oahu and  Honolulu, nearly 150 miles from the epicenter, including power outages which lasted for several hours on several islands including the island of Oahu and  water main ruptures. The whole island of Oahu was totally out of electricity. Electricity was turned on in districts one by one. Some people didn't get their electricity until the next morning. The governor of Hawaii made a State-wide disaster declaration several hours after the earthquake struck. A tsunami alert was issued, but quickly canceled after sensor buoys failed to detect significant wave activity. Several major roadways on the big island were rendered impassable by rock slides. All airports were closed immediately following the earthquake, with most reopening within several hours in a very limited capacity. No deaths or  life-threatening injuries were initially reported.

On Thursday, November 23, 2006 (Thanksgiving) at approximately 9:20 am  local time another earthquake had hit with a magnitude of around 4.5 and  5.0. The quake epicenter was near the same location as the earthquake that had hit in the previous month, on October 15. No severe damages occurred and  no deaths or  life-threatening injuries were reported.

[edit] History

Main article: History of Hawaii

[edit] Hawaiian antiquity

Main articles: Ancient Hawaii, Hawaiian mythology, Polynesian mythology

Anthropologists believe that Polynesians from the Marquesas and  Society Islands first populated the Hawaiian Islands at some time after AD 300-500, although recent evidence has pointed to an  initial settlement of as late as  800-1000. it  is not resolved whether there was only one extended or  two isolated periods of settlement. The latter view of an  initial Marquesan settlement, followed by isolation and  Tahitian settlers in approximately 1300 who conquered and  eliminated the original inhabitants of the islands, is  hinted at in folk tales, like the stories of Hawaiiloa (Hawaiʻiloa), Paao (Pāʻao), and  menehunes. There is  a theory that: (1) there was only one extended period during which groups of immigrants repeatedly arrived; and  (2) contact with their former homelands was not lost until the early 2nd millennium. This theory has become more  accepted among some scientists, as direct evidence for a massive conquest and  a sudden replacement of cultural practices has not been found in the archaeological record.

Voyaging between Hawaii and  the South Pacific apparently ceased with no explanation several centuries before the arrival of the Europeans (although at that time, there seems to have  been a general decline in overseas trade and  voyaging across Polynesia; see Henderson Island). Local chiefs, called alii (aliʻi), ruled their settlements and  fought to extend their sway and  defend their communities from predatory rivals. Warfare was endemic. The general trend was toward chiefdoms of increasing size, even encompassing whole islands.

Vague reports by various European explorers suggest that Hawaii was visited by foreigners well before^{[citation needed]} the 1778 arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook. Historians credited Cook with the discovery after he was the first to plot and  publish the geographical coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands. Cook named his discovery the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, and  reported the native name as Owyhee. His visit is  confirmed by Hawaiian legends that called for a fair-skinned man — the god Lono — to return to the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiians initially believed Cook to be this legendary visitor. it  is possible that Portuguese or  Spanish ships could have  previously visited the islands, leading to the tale that Lono had promised to return to the islands.

[edit] Hawaiian kingdom

Main article: Kingdom of Hawaii

After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and  peaceful cession of the island of Kauai in 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as King Kamehameha the Great. He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872.

The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V—who did not name an  heir—resulted in the popular election of King Lunalilo over Kalakaua. After Lunalilo's death, in a hotly contested and  allegedly fraudulent election by the legislature in 1874 between Kalakaua and  Emma (which led to riots and  the landing of U.S. and  British troops to keep the peace), governance was passed on to the House of Kalakaua.

In 1887, citing maladministration under the influence of Walter Murray Gibson, a group of primarily American and  European businessmen, including kingdom subjects and  members of the Hawaiian government forced King Kalakaua to sign the derisively nicknamed "Bayonet Constitution" which stripped the king of administrative authority, eliminated voting rights for Asians and  set minimum income and  property requirements for American, European and  native Hawaiian voters, essentially limiting the electorate to wealthy elite Americans, Europeans and  native Hawaiians. King Kalakaua reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, Liliuokalani, succeeded him to the throne and  ruled until her overthrow in 1893.

Kamehameha	Kamehameha II	Kamehameha III	Kamehameha IV
Kamehameha V	Lunalilo	Kalakaua	Liliʻuokalani

[edit] Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy

Main article: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy

In 1893, Liliʻuokalani threatened to abrogate the "Bayonet Constitution" and  draft a new constitution that would restore power to the monarchy. Supporters of the Reform Party (primarily of American and  European ancestry, but including some native Hawaiians) organized in response to this and  took over the government of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. American troops aboard the USS Boston were landed in Honolulu under strict orders of neutrality, to protect the "lives and  property of American citizens, and  to assist in preserving public order",^[4] while a 13 member council of businessmen, attorneys and  politicians organized the Honolulu Rifles to depose Queen Liliʻuokalani.

The monarchy ended in January 1893, and  there was much controversy in the following years as the queen tried to regain her throne. After an  unsuccessful attempt at armed rebellion in 1895, a weapons cache was found on the palace grounds and  Queen Liliʻuokalani was placed under arrest, tried by a military tribunal of the Republic of Hawaiʻi, convicted of misprision of treason and  then imprisoned in her own home. The Queen officially abdicated in 1896. ^[6] In 1993, a controversial joint resolution regarding the overthrow was passed by Congress and  signed by President Clinton.^[7]

[edit] Republic of Hawaii

Main article: Republic of Hawaii

The Republic of Hawaii was the formal name of Hawaiʻi from 1894 to 1898 when it  was run as a republic. The republic period occurred between the administration of the Provisional Government of Hawaii which ended on July 4, 1894 and  the adoption of the Newlands Resolution in Congress in which the Republic was annexed to the United States and  became the Territory of Hawaiʻi on July 7, 1898.

[edit] Hawaiian territory

Main article: Territory of Hawaii

When William McKinley won the presidential election in November of 1896, the question of Hawaii's annexation to the U.S. was again  opened. The previous president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Liliuokalani. He had remained opposed to annexation until the end of his term, but McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and  by annexationists from Hawaii. He agreed to meet with a committee of annexationists from Hawaii, Lorrin Thurston, Francis Hatch and  William Kinney. After negotiations, in June of 1897, McKinley agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii.^[8] The president then submitted the treaty to the U.S. Senate for approval.

Despite some opposition in the islands, the Newlands Resolution was passed by the House June 15, 1898, by a vote of 209 to 91, and  by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21, formally annexing Hawaii as a U.S. territory. Although its legality was questioned by some at the time because it  was a resolution, not a treaty, both houses of Congress carried the measure with two-thirds majorities, whereas a treaty would have  only required two-thirds of the Senate vote (Article II, Sec. 2, U.S. Constitution).

The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by activist descendants of original immigrant laborers. Because they were born in a U.S. territory, they were legal U.S. citizens. Expecting to gain full voting rights, they actively campaigned for statehood for the Hawaiian Islands.

In 1900, Hawaii was granted self-governance and  retained Iolani Palace as the territorial capitol building. Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Hawaii remained a territory for sixty years. Plantation owners, such as the Big Five, found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various states of the U.S.

[edit] Hawaiian statehood

In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Admission Act and  U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower signed it  into law. (The act excluded Palmyra Atoll, part of the Kingdom and  Territory of Hawaii, from the new state.) On June 27 of that year, a plebiscite was held asking residents of Hawaii to vote on accepting the statehood bill. Hawaii voted 17 to 1 to accept. On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon the proclamation that Hawaii was the 50th state of the Union.

After statehood, Hawaii quickly became a modern state with a construction boom and  rapidly growing economy. The Hawaii Republican Party, which was strongly supported by the plantation owners, was voted out of office. In its place, the Democratic Party of Hawaii dominated state politics for forty years.

In recent decades, the state government has implemented programs to promote Hawaiian culture. The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 incorporated as state constitutional law specific programs such as the creation of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote the indigenous Hawaiian language and  culture.

Controversy has erupted within the last decade over the extent of the Hawaiian cultural programs creating a new political dialogue within the state. Pitting the strong emotions of both integrationists and  separatists, high rhetoric has been employed by both groups including the use of propaganda materials of dubious provenance. A much criticized example includes the Hui Aloha Aina (Hui Aloha ʻĀina) and  Hui Kalaiaina (Hui Kālaiʻāina) petitions allegedly rediscovered in 1998. According to their proponents, the petitions are  contemporaneous to the annexation of Hawaii with one petition purportedly containing 22,000 signatures in opposition to the annexation while a second petition purportedly contains 17,000 signatures in favor of reinstating the monarchy. The validity of the petitions has been criticized by Lorrin Thurston in an  analysis which indicates significant fraud.

[edit] Demographics

Historical populations
Census	Pop.	%±
1900	154,001	-
1910	191,874	24.6%
1920	255,881	33.4%
1930	368,300	43.9%
1940	422,770	14.8%
1950	499,794	18.2%
1960	632,772	26.6%
1970	769,913	21.7%
1980	964,691	25.3%
1990	1,108,229	14.9%
2000	1,211,537	9.3%

As of 2005, Hawaii has an  estimated population of 1,275,194, which is  an increase of 13,070, or  1.0%, from the prior year and  an increase of 63,657, or  5.3%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 48,111 people (that is  96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and  an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068 people, and  migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people. The center of population of Hawaii is  located in directly between the two islands of Oahu and  Molokai [2].

Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.3 million due to military presence and  tourists. Oahu, which is  aptly nicknamed "The Gathering Place", is  the most populous island (and the one with the highest population density), with a resident population of just under one million in 597 square miles, about 1,650 people per square mile. New Jersey with 8,717,925 people in 7,417 square miles is  considered the most-densely populated state with 1,134.4 people per square mile.^[9] Hawaii's 1,275,194 people, spread over 6,423 square miles (including many unpopulated islands) results in an  average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile,^[10] which makes Hawaii less  densely populated than rural states like Ohio and  Illinois.^[11]

Hawaii may be an  especially healthy place to live. Hawaiians born in the year 2000 can expect to live 79.8 years (77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female), longer than the residents of any other state.^[12]

[edit] Ethnicities

Ethnically, Hawaii is  one of only four states in which non-Hispanic whites do not form a majority, and  has the largest percentage of Asian Americans. Hawaii was the first majority-minority state in the United States since the early 20th century. Hawaii also has the highest mixed race percentage of all states, standing at some 20% or  1/5 of the total population.

Demographics of Hawaii (csv)
By race	White	Black	AIAN	Asian	NHPI
AIAN is  American Indian or  Alaskan Native   -   NHPI is  Native Hawaiian or  Pacific Islander
2000 (total population)	40.32%	2.83%	2.07%	58.19%	23.39%
2000 (Hispanic only)	4.69%	0.33%	0.56%	3.32%	2.48%
2005 (total population)	41.26%	3.33%	2.03%	57.53%	22.10%
2005 (Hispanic only)	5.51%	0.39%	0.51%	3.32%	2.36%
Growth 2000-2005 (total population)	7.70%	23.70%	3.25%	4.07%	-0.56%
Growth 2000-2005 (non-Hispanic only)	5.59%	23.93%	6.38%	4.01%	-0.64%
Growth 2000-2005 (Hispanic only)	23.78%	21.96%	-5.09%	5.07%	0.04%

.

The third group of foreigners to arrive upon Hawaii's shores, after the Polynesians and  Europeans, were the Chinese. Chinese employees serving on Western trading ships disembarked and  settled starting in 1789. In 1820 the first American missionaries arrived in Hawaii to preach Christianity and  teach the Hawaiians what the missionaries considered "civilized" ways. A large proportion of Hawaii's population has become a people of Asian ancestry (especially Chinese, Japanese and  Filipino) many of whom are  descendants from those waves of early foreign immigrants brought to the islands in the nineteenth century, beginning in the 1850's, to work on the sugar plantations. The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not "legally" approved by the Japanese government established after the Meiji Restoration because the contract was between a broker and  the Tokugawa shogunate, by then terminated. The first Japanese government-approved immigrants arrived in Hawaii on February 9, 1885 after Kalakaua's petition to Emperor Meiji when Kalakaua visited Japan in 1881.

[edit] Religion

• Christian = 68%
  • Protestant = 42%
    • Congregational/United Church of Christ= 3%
    • Baptist = 2%
    • Methodist = 2%
  • Roman Catholic = 24%
  • LDS = 2%
• Agnostic/non-religious = 18%
• Buddhist = 9%
• Other (e.g. Shinto, Tao, pagan) = 5%

[edit] Languages

Main article: Hawaiian language

The State of Hawaii has two official languages recognized in its constitution adopted at the 1978 constitutional convention: English and  Hawaiian. Article XV, Section 4, specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and  transactions only as provided by law" [italic added]. Hawaiian Creole English is  the first language of many born-and-raised residents, and  is a second language for many other residents. After English, the second- and  third-most spoken individual languages are  Tagalog and  Japanese, respectively. Significant European immigrants and  descendants also speak their native languages; the most popular are  Portuguese, then German and  Spanish.

As of 2000, 73.4% of Hawaii residents age 5 and  older speak only English at home, and  7.9% speak Pacific Island languages. Tagalog speakers make up 5.4%, followed by Japanese at 5.0%, and  Chinese at 2.6%.

[edit] Origin of Hawaiian

Hawaiian is  a member of the Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family. it  began to develop around 1000 A.D., when foreign Marquesans or  Tahitians of that era colonized Hawaii. Those originally foreign Polynesians remained in the islands, thereby becoming the Hawaiian people. Consequently, their originally foreign language developed into the Hawaiian language.

Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language was never written. The present written form of Hawaiian was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries during 1820–1826. They assigned letters from the Latin alphabet that corresponded to the Hawaiian sounds.

Hawaiian distinguishes between long and  short vowels. In writing, vowel length can be indicated with a macron (kahakō). Hawaiian also uses the glottal stop as a consonant. In writing, it  can be indicated with the apostrophe, or  with the opening single quote (ʻokina).

[edit] Revival of Hawaiian

As a result of the constitutional provision, interest in the Hawaiian language was revived in the late 20th century. Public and  independent schools throughout the state began teaching Hawaiian language standards as part of the regular curricula, beginning with preschool. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, also created by the 1978 constitutional convention, specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established where students would be taught in all subjects using Hawaiian. Also, the University of Hawaii System developed the only Hawaiian language graduate studies program in the world. Municipal codes were altered in favor of Hawaiian place and  street names for new civic developments.

[ and  ʻokina usage">edit] Note on Hawaiian language and  ʻokina usage

In Hawaiian-language newspapers published from 1834–1948, the spelling "Hawaii" was used. However, in texts written mainly for Hawaiian-language pedagogy, especially since 1950, the modern Hawaiian-language spelling used is  Hawaiʻi, with an  apostrophe or  other similar character, such as an  opening single quote, written between the final two vowels. The character represents a consonant, the glottal stop, in the Hawaiian language. Although not used and  not needed by native speakers of Hawaiian for over 100 years, its use is  appropriate in modern written Hawaiian. Therefore, when actual Hawaiian-language forms are  cited in this article, they will appear in italic, and  will mark the glottal stop, and/or vowel length, if they are  a part of the particular word. These citations will be given within parentheses, immediately following the English-language spellings of the particular words, but only at the initial use of the words in the article. English-language spellings of Hawaiian words do not use the modern Hawaiian marks for the glottal stop or  vowel length. In that respect, English spellings of Hawaiian words are  in harmony with the traditional native spellings.

[edit] "Pidgin"

Many residents speak Hawaiian Creole English (HCE), often called "pidgin". During the 19th century, there was a great increase in immigration from foreign countries, and  a pidgin English developed. By the early 20th century, a creole English developed. A creole language is  created when pidgin speakers have  children who acquire the pidgin as their own native language.

One trait of the HCE is  that it  retains some vocabulary from Hawaiian. HCE speakers can use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic. Most placenames are  retained from Hawaiian, as are  some names for plants or  animals. For example, tuna fish are  often called "ahi" (ʻahi). Also, some Hawaiian words are  loanwords in the mainstream American English lexicon. HCE speakers have  modified the meanings of certain English words. For example, the terms "auntie" and  "uncle" can be used to refer to any adult who is  a friend, or  a friend to the family. it  is also used as a sign of respect for elders. Throughout the surfing boom in Hawaii, HCE has influenced surfing slang. Some HCE expressions, such as brah and  da kine, have  found their way to other places.

HCE has its own grammar. Certain words can be dropped if their meaning is  understood. For example, instead of saying "It is  hot today, isn't it?", an  HCE speaker is  likely to say simply "Hot, yeah?"

[edit] Debates

A somewhat divisive political issue that has arisen since The Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state language is  the exact spelling of the state's name. As prescribed in the Admission of Hawaii Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes "Hawaii" to be the official state name. However, many state and  municipal entities and  officials have  recognized "Hawaiʻi" to be the correct state name ^{[citation needed]}.

Official government publications, as well as department and  office titles, use the traditional Hawaiian spelling, that is, with no symbols for glottal stops or  vowel length. In contrast, some private entities, including a local newspaper, are  using such symbols.

The title of the state constitution is  "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii". In Article XV therein, Section 1 uses "The State of Hawaii", Section 2 "the island of Oahu", Section 3 "The Hawaiian flag", and  Section 5 specifies the state motto as "Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono". Note that English spellings, not Hawaiian spellings, are  used in all of those cases. No okinas nor kahakos are  used.

The nuances in the Hawaiian language debate are  often not obvious or  well-appreciated outside Hawaii. The issue has often been a source of friction in situations where correct naming conventions are  mandated, as people frequently disagree over which spelling is  correct or  incorrect, and  where it  is correctly or  incorrectly applied.

See also: Hawaiian language#Orthography (writing system)

[edit] Education

Main article: Hawaii State Department of Education

Hawaii is  currently the only state in the union with a unified school system statewide. Policy decisions are  made by the fourteen-member state Board of Education, with thirteen members elected for four-year terms and  one non-voting student member. The Board of Education sets statewide educational policy and  hires the state superintendent of schools, who oversees the operations of the state Department of Education. The Department of Education is  also divided into seven districts, four on Oahu and  one for each of the other counties.

The structure of the state Department of Education has been a subject of discussion and  controversy in recent years. The main rationale for the current centralized model is  equity in school funding and  distribution of resources: leveling out inequalities that would exist between highly populated Oahu and  the more  rural Neighbor Islands, and  between lower-income and  more affluent areas of the state. This system of school funding differs from many localities in the United States where schools are  funded from local property taxes.

Policy initiatives have  been made in recent years toward decentralization. Current Governor Linda Lingle is  a proponent of replacing the current statewide board with seven elected district boards. The Democrat-controlled state legislature opposed her proposal, instead favoring expansion of decision-making power to the schools and  giving schools more  discretion over budgeting. Political debate of structural reform is  likely to continue for the foreseeable future.

[ and  academies">edit] Schools and  academies

As stated above, the Hawaii State Department of Education operates all of the public schools in the State of Hawaii.

Hawaii has the distinction of educating more  students in independent institutions of secondary education than any other state in the United States. it  also has four of the largest independent schools: Mid-Pacific Institute, Iolani School, Kamehameha Schools, and  Punahou School. The second Buddhist high school in the United States, and  first Buddhist high school in Hawaii, Pacific Buddhist Academy, was founded in 2003. (The first Buddhist high school in the United States was Developing Virtue Secondary School founded in 1981 in Ukiah, California.)

Both independent and  charter schools can select their students, while the regular public schools must take all students in their district. For a comprehensive list of independent schools, see the list of independent schools in Hawaii. For a comprehensive list of public schools, see the list of public schools in Hawaii.

[ and  universities">edit] Colleges and  universities

Graduates of institutions of secondary learning in Hawaii often either enter directly into the work force or  attend colleges and  universities. While many choose to attend colleges and  universities on the mainland or  elsewhere, most choose to attend one of many institutions of higher learning in Hawaii.

The largest of these institutions is  the University of Hawaii System. it  consists of: (1) the flagship research university at Manoa (Mānoa); (2) two comprehensive campuses Hilo and  West Oahu; and  (7) seven Community Colleges. Students choosing private education attend Brigham Young University Hawaii, Chaminade University of Honolulu, Hawaii Pacific University, or  University of the Nations.

The Saint Stephen Diocesan Center is  a seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu. For a comprehensive list of colleges and  universities, see the  and  colleges in Hawaii">list of colleges and  universities in Hawaii.

[edit] Problems

Public schools in Hawaii have  to deal with large populations of children of non-native English speaking immigrants and  a culture that is  different in many ways from the mainland U.S., whence most of the course materials come, and  where most of the standards for schools are  set.

The public elementary, middle, and  high school scores in Hawaii tend to be below average on national tests as mandated under the No Child Left Behind Act. Some of this can be attributed to the Hawaii State Board of Education requiring all eligible students to take these tests and  reporting all student test scores unlike, for example, Texas and  Michigan. Results reported in August 2005 indicate that two-thirds of Hawaii's schools failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in math and  reading (of 282 schools across the state, 185 failed [3]).

On the other hand, results of the ACT college placement tests show that Hawaii class of 2005 seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9) (Honolulu Advertiser, Aug. 17, 2005, p. B1). it  should be noted that fewer students take the ACT examination than take the more  widely accepted SAT examination. On the SAT, Hawaii's college bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except math.

[edit] Economy

The history of Hawaii can be traced through a succession of dominating industries: sandalwood, whaling, sugarcane, pineapple, military, tourism, and  education. Since statehood was achieved in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry in Hawaii, contributing 24.3% of the Gross State Product (GSP) in 1997. New efforts are  underway to diversify the economy. The total gross output for the state in 2003 was US$47 billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents was US$30,441.

Industrial exports from Hawaii include food processing and  apparel. These industries play a small role in the Hawaii economy, however, due to the considerable shipping distance to markets on the west coast of the United States and  ports of, coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, and  sugar cane. Agricultural sales for 2002, according to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service, were US$370.9 million from diversified agriculture, US$100.6 million from pineapple, and  US$64.3 million from sugarcane.

Hawaii is  known for its relatively high per capita state tax burden. In the years 2002 and  2003, Hawaii residents had the highest state tax per capita at US$2,757 and  US$2,838, respectively. This rate can be explained partly by the fact that services such as education, health care and  social services are  all rendered at the state level — as opposed to the municipal level as all other states.

Millions of tourists contribute to the collection figure by paying the general excise tax and  hotel room tax; thus not all the taxes collected come directly from residents. Business leaders, however, have  often considered the state's tax burden as being too high, contributing to both higher prices and  the perception of an  unfriendly business climate [4]. See the list of businesses in Hawaii for more  information on commerce in the state.

Until recently, Hawaii was the only state in the U.S. that attempted to control gasoline prices through a Gas Cap Law. The law was enacted during a period when oil profits in Hawaii in relation to the Mainland U.S. were under scrutiny, and  sought to tie local gasoline prices to those of the Mainland. The law took effect in September 2005 amid price fluctuations caused by Hurricane Katrina. The Hawaii state legislature suspended the law in April 2006.

See also: Richest Places in Hawaii

[ and  government">edit] Law and  government

Presidential elections results

Year	Republican	Democratic
2004	45.26% 194,191	54.01% 231,708
2000	37.46% 137,845	55.79% 205,286
1996	31.64% 113,943	56.93% 205,012
1992	36.70% 136,822	48.09% 179,310
1988	44.75% 158,625	54.27% 192,364
1984	55.10% 185,050	43.82% 147,154
1980	42.90% 130,112	44.80% 135,879
1976	48.06% 140,003	50.59% 147,375
1972	62.48% 168,865	37.52% 101,409
1968	38.70% 91,425	59.83% 141,324
1964	21.24% 44,022	78.76% 163,249
1960	49.97% 92,295	50.03% 92,410

The state government of Hawaii is  modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii, there are  three branches of government: executive, legislative and  judicial.

The executive branch is  led by the Governor of Hawaii and  assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, both elected on the same ticket. The governor, in residence at Washington Place, is  the only public official elected for the state government in a statewide race; all other administrators and  judges are  appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor is  concurrently the Secretary of State of Hawaii. Both the governor and  lieutenant governor administer their duties from the Hawaii State Capitol. The governor and  lieutenant governor oversee the major agencies and  departments of the executive of which there are  twenty.

The legislative branch consists of the Hawaii State Legislature — the twenty-five members of the Hawaii State Senate led by the President of the Senate and  the fifty-one members of the Hawaii State House of Representatives led by the Speaker of the House. They also govern from the Hawaii State Capitol. The judicial branch is  led by the highest state court, the Hawaii State Supreme Court, which uses Aliiolani Hale (Aliʻiōlani Hale) as its chambers. Lower courts are  organized as the Hawaii State Judiciary.

The state is  represented in the Congress of the United States by a delegation of four members. They are  the senior and  junior United States Senators, the representative of the First Congressional District of Hawaii and  the representative of the Second Congressional District of Hawaii. Many Hawaii residents have  been appointed to administer other agencies and  departments of the federal government by the President of the United States. All federal officers of Hawaii administer their duties locally from the Prince Kuhio Federal Building (Kūhiō) near the Aloha Tower and  Honolulu Harbor.

Hawaii is  primarily dominated by the Democratic Party and  has supported Democrats in 10 of the 12 presidential elections in which it  has participated. In 2004, John Kerry won the state's 4 electoral votes by a margin of 9 percentage points with 54% of the vote. Every county in the state supported the Democratic candidate.

The Prince Kuhio Federal Building also houses agencies of the federal government such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Internal Revenue Service and  the United States Secret Service. The building is  the site of the federal courts and  the offices of the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii, principal law enforcement officer of the United States Department of Justice in the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii.

Linda Lingle Governor (Republican)	James R. Aiona, Jr. Lieutenant Governor (Republican)	Daniel Inouye U.S. Senator (Democrat)	Daniel Akaka U.S. Senator (Democrat)
Neil Abercrombie U.S. Representative (Democrat)	Edward Case U.S. Representative (Democrat)	Harry Kim Mayor of Hawaii (Nonpartisan)	Mufi Hannemann Mayor of Honolulu (Nonpartisan)
Alan Arakawa Mayor of Maui (Nonpartisan)

Unique to Hawaii is  the way it  has organized its municipal governments. There are  no incorporated cities in Hawaii except the City & County of Honolulu. All other municipal governments are  administered at the county level. The county executives are  the Mayor of Hawaii, Mayor of Honolulu, Mayor of Kauai and  Mayor of Maui. All mayors in the state are  elected in nonpartisan races.

The officers of the federal and  state governments have  been historically elected from the Democratic Party of Hawaii and  the Hawaii Republican Party. Municipal charters in the state have  declared all mayors to be elected in nonpartisan races.

See also : United States presidential election, 2004, in Hawaii

[edit] Transportation

Hawaii has 4 federal highways: H-1, H-2, H-3, and  H-201, all located on Oahu and  all part of the Interstate Highway System. With the exception of H-201, which begins and  ends on H-1, all the highways have  at least one end point at a military installation. A system of state highways encircles the other main islands as well as Oahu. Travel can be slow due to narrow winding roads. Travel between islands can only be made by airplane or  private boat, which is  very inconvenient for locals and  tourists alike. A company called Hawaii Superferry plans to connect the islands with a ferry system capable of transporting vehicles. Service will begin in the second half of 2007 with routes from Oahu to Kauai and  Maui. A route from Oahu to the Big Island is  planned for 2009.

[edit] Miscellaneous topics

[edit] Etymology

The Hawaiian language word Hawai'i derives from Nuclear Polynesian *sawaiki, with the reconstructed meaning "homeland";^[13] cognate words are  found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori (Hawaiki), Rarotongan ('Avaiki), and  Samoan (Savai'i). (See also Hawaiki).

[edit] Symbols

The state constitution and  various other measures of the Hawaii State Legislature established official symbols meant to embody the distinctive culture and  heritage of Hawaii. These include a state bird, state flower, state gem, state mammal, and  state tree. The humuhumunukunukuapuaa (humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa), or  reef triggerfish, was the state fish. In 1990, the authorizing legislation was found to have  expired, but this fish was reinstated as the state fish on May 2, 2006.

Included are  the two statues representing Hawaii in the United States Capitol; those of King Kamehameha I and  Father Damien.

The primary symbol is  the state flag, Ka Hae Hawaii. it  is influenced by the British Union Flag, and  features eight horizontal stripes representing the eight major islands. The constitution declares the state motto to be "Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono", a pronouncement of King Kamehameha III, translated as "The life of the land is  perpetuated in righteousness". it  was also the motto of the kingdom, republic, and  territory. The state song is  "Hawaii Ponoi" (Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī), with words written by Kalakaua and  music composed by Henri Berger. "Hawaii Aloha" is  the unofficial state song, often sung in official state events.

Hawaiian goose Nene State Bird	Reef triggerfish Humuhumunukunuku- apuaa State Fish	Hawaiian hibiscus Mao hau hele (maʻo hau hele) State Flower	Candlenut Kukui State Tree
Humpback whale Kohola kuapio (koholā kuapiʻo) State Mammal	Father Damien Statue State Capitol

[edit] Media

[edit] Newspapers

Two major competing Honolulu-based newspapers serve all of Hawaii. The Honolulu Advertiser is  owned by Gannett Pacific Corporation while the Honolulu Star-Bulletin is  owned by Black Press of British Columbia in Canada. Both are  among the largest newspapers in the United States in terms of circulation. Other locally published newspapers are  available to residents of the various islands.

The Hawaii business community is  served by the Pacific Business News and  Hawaii Business Magazine. The largest religious community in Hawaii is  served by the Hawaii Catholic Herald. Honolulu Magazine is  a popular magazine that offers local interest news and  feature articles.

Apart from the mainstream press, the state also enjoys a vibrant ethnic publication presence with newspapers for the Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean and  Native Hawaiian communities. In addition, there is  an alternative weekly, the Honolulu Weekly.

[edit] Television

All but one of the major American television networks are  represented in Hawaii through KFVE (My Network TV), KGMB (CBS), KHET (PBS member station), KHNL (NBC), KHON-TV (Fox), and  KITV (ABC), among others. (The CW network is  the only major commercial network which does not have  a Hawaii affiliate.) Two other stations, KIKU-TV and  KBFD, specialize in multi-cultural programs serving Asian audiences. From Honolulu, programming at these stations is  rebroadcast to the various other islands via networks of satellite transmitters. Until the advent of satellite, most network programming was broadcast a week behind mainland scheduling.

The various production companies that work with the major networks have  produced television series and  other projects in Hawaii. Most notable were police dramas like Magnum P.I. and  Hawaii Five-O. Currently, the hit TV show Lost is  filmed in the Hawaiian Islands. A comprehensive list of such projects can be seen at the list of Hawaii television series.

[edit] Film

Hawaii has a growing film industry administered by the state through the Hawaii Film Office. Several television shows, movies, and  various other media projects were produced in the Hawaiian Islands, taking advantage of the natural scenic landscapes as backdrops. Notable films produced in Hawaii or  inspired by Hawaii include Hawaii, Blue Hawaii, Donovan's Reef, From Here to Eternity, South Pacific, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Lost, Jurassic Park, Outbreak, Waterworld, Six Days Seven Nights, George of the Jungle, 50 First Dates, Pearl Harbor, Blue Crush, and   and  Stitch">Lilo and  Stitch. The recently released film Snakes on a Plane takes place on a flight departing Hawaii for the U.S. mainland. Hawaii is  home to a prominent film festival known as the Hawaii International Film Festival.

[edit] Other Media

An unidentified tourism community in Hawaii is  featured as a level in the Tony Hawk's Underground video game. This level hosts one of the most memorable cutscenes, in which the player must perform a McTwist from one hotel roof to another over a helicopter flying in midair.

[edit] Culture

Main article: Culture of Hawaii

The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is  Polynesian. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian triangle of the south and  central Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains only as vestiges influencing modern Hawaiian society, there are  reenactments of the cultural ceremonies and  traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences are  strong enough to have  affected the culture of the United States at large, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of luaus and  hula.

•  and  etiquette in Hawaii">Customs and  etiquette in Hawaii
• Folklore in Hawaii
• Hawaiian mythology
• List of Hawaii state parks
• List of Hawaii-related topics
• Literature in Hawaii
• Music of Hawaii
• Polynesian mythology
• Tourism in Hawaii
• East Hawaii Cultural Center
• Polynesian Cultural Center

[edit] Sister states

Hawaii has an  active sister state program, which includes ties to:

• Azores, Portugal (1982)
• Cebu, Philippines (1996)
• Cheju Province, South Korea (1986)
• Ehime, Japan (2003)
• Fukuoka, Japan (1981)
• Guangdong, China (1985)
• Hainan, China (1992)
• Hiroshima, Japan (1997)
• Ilocos Norte, Philippines (2005)
• Ilocos Sur, Philippines (1985)
• Okinawa, Japan (1985)
• Pangasinan, Philippines (2002)
• Taiwan, Republic of China (1993)
• Tianjin, China (2002)

[edit] Famous people from Hawaii

The list of famous people from Hawaii is  a comprehensive, alphabetized list of persons who have  achieved fame that presently or  at one time claimed Hawaii as their home. Separate registers of members of the Hawaiian royal family and  Hawaii politicians are  also available.

Father Damien Beatified towards sainthood by Pope John Paul II	Mother Marianne Cope Beatified towards sainthood by Pope Benedict XVI	Hiram Fong First Chinese American and  Asian American elected United States Senator	George R. Ariyoshi First Japanese American and  Asian American elected governor in the United States
Eric Shinseki First Japanese American and  Asian American member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff	Duke Kahanamoku Gold-medal winning Olympic athlete (swimming) who popularized surfing

[edit] Photo Gallery

Maui, Haleakala national Park	Big Island, View from Mauna Kea Volcano	Big Island, Volcanoes National Park	Kauai, Na Pali Coast
Big Island, Punaluu Beach Park	Maui, Kapalua bay	Maui, Hookipa Beach	Big Island, Hapuna Beach
Haleakala	Na Pali Coast	Satellite Image

[edit] See also

• Aloha Festivals
• Hawaii Trivia
• Prefecture Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands for the Catholic missionary history
• Scouting in Hawaii
• Hawaii Department of Public Safety

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Hawaii travel guide from Wikitravel
• Official state homepage
• Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands at NASA's Earth Observatory

History of Hawaii
Ancient Hawaii | Kingdom of Hawaii | Provisional Government of Hawaii Republic of Hawaii | Territory of Hawaii | State of Hawaii

	State of Hawaiʻi
Topics	Geography | Government | History | Politics | People
Capital	Honolulu
Islands	Hawaiʻi | Kahoʻolawe | Kauaʻi | Lānaʻi | Maui | Molokaʻi | Niʻihau | Northwestern Hawaiʻian Islands | Oʻahu
Communities	Hilo | Honolulu | Kahului | Waipahu | Līhuʻe
Counties	Hawaiʻi | Honolulu | Kalawao | Kauaʻi | Maui

	Political divisions of the United States
Capital	District of Columbia
States	Alabama | Alaska | Arizona | Arkansas | California | Colorado | Connecticut | Delaware | Florida | Georgia | Hawaii | Idaho | Illinois | Indiana | Iowa | Kansas | Kentucky | Louisiana | Maine | Maryland | Massachusetts | Michigan | Minnesota | Mississippi | Missouri | Montana | Nebraska | Nevada | New Hampshire | New Jersey | New Mexico | New York | North Carolina | North Dakota | Ohio | Oklahoma | Oregon | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | South Carolina | South Dakota | Tennessee | Texas | Utah | Vermont | Virginia | Washington | West Virginia | Wisconsin | Wyoming
Insular areas	American Samoa | Guam | Northern Mariana Islands | Puerto Rico | Virgin Islands
Minor outlying islands	Baker Island | Howland Island | Jarvis Island | Johnston Atoll | Kingman Reef | Midway Atoll | Navassa Island | Palmyra Atoll | Wake Island