Interjection
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An interjection is a part of speech that usually has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence and simply expresses emotion on the part of the speaker, although most interjections have clear definitions. Filled pauses such as uh, er, um, are also considered interjections. Interjections are generally uninflected function words and have sometimes been seen as sentence-words, since they can replace or be replaced by a whole sentence (they are holophrastic). Sometimes, however, interjections combine with other words to form sentences, but not with finite verbs.
Interjections are used when the speaker encounters events that cause these emotions — unexpectedly, painfully, surprisingly or in many other sudden ways. But several languages have interjections that cannot be related to emotions.
The word "interjection" literally means "thrown in between" from the Latin inter ("between") and iacere ("throw").
Contents |
[edit] English
[edit] Examples
- For a list of English interjections, see the list of English interjections at Wiktionary.
English words used mostly as interjections include ugh, wow, ouch, scat, yummy, alas, and eureka.
Conventions like Hello and Goodbye are also interjections, as are exclamations like Cheers! and Hurray!. In fact, very often they are characterized by exclamation marks depending on the stress of the attitude or the force of the emotion they are expressing. Well can also be used as an interjection, for example when put at the beginning of a sentence. Much profanity (see also expletive) takes the form of interjections.
Some linguists consider the pro-sentences yes, no, amen and okay as interjections, since they have no syntactical connection with other words and rather work as sentences themselves.
Interjections can be phrases or even sentences as well as words:
- As I entered the room — Oh, my goodness! What I saw! — he was still standing there.
Expressions "Excuse me!", "Sorry!", and similar ones often serve as interjections.
[edit] Phonology
Several English interjections contain sounds that do not, or very rarely, exist in regular English phonetic inventory. For example (pronunciation shown in IPA):
- Ahem [ əʔəm ], or [ʔəhɛm] ("attention!") contains a glottal stop that is common in German.
- sh [ ʃːː ] ("quiet!") is an entirely consonantal syllable.
- Ps [ ps ] ("here!"), also spelled psst, is another entirely consonantal syllable-word.
- Tut-tut [ ǀ ǀ ] ("shame..."), also spelled tsk-tsk, is made up entirely of clicks, which are an active part of regular speech in several African languages. This particular click is dental.
- There is also a less popular pronunciation [ tʌt tʌt ].
- Ugh [ ʌx ] ("disgusting!") ends with a Spanish and Gaelic consonant, a velar fricative.
- Whew/Phew [ ɸɪu ] ("what a relief!") starts with a bilabial fricative, a sound pronounced with a strong puff of air through the lips. This sound is a common phoneme in such languages as Suki (a language of New Guinea) and Ewe and Logba (both spoken in Ghana Ghana).
- Gah ("Gah, there's nothing to do!"), pronounced how it's spelled, is often used to express boredom, or "Gah!" with an exclamation point to express excitement or fear.
[edit] Other languages
- For lists of interjections in various languages, see the list of interjections by language at Wiktionary.
[edit] Chinese
Almost all Chinese interjections are written with the radicals "mouth" (口) on the left. Where this is the case, the right part is purely phonetic. An exception is eh!.
Popular interjections are:
- Aiya! (噯呀 or 哎呀): expresses disappointment and displeasure, sometimes accompanied by shock and reproach
- It is used by a small number of non-Chinese in areas with a high concentration of overseas Chinese. The TV series Jackie Chan Adventures utilizes this phrase often, and Firefly occasionally uses it as well. It can be pronounced either ai4ya or ai1ya. There is also a similar interjection in Crioule (spoken by 467,000 people in Cape Verde Islands, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and the Netherlands) that is used in the same way to express disappointment.
- 嘖嘖 (or 啧啧) has meaning and pronunciation like its English counterpart tsk-tsk (see above). 嘖嘖 is also an onomatopoeia of the chirping of some bird species. It occasionally conformed into the Chinese phonology and pronounced zézé (in Pinyin).
Interjection plays an important grammatical role in the Cantonese language, such as the sentence-end -ah! that has numerous meanings.
[edit] Bulgarian and South Slavic languages
- evich - naturally occurring as a reaction to a painful shock, similar to English "ouch!"
- Yaoo - as if to say "is that really so?"
- Opa! - on making a mistake, similar to "oops!"
[edit] Hebrew
(in IPA) Common filler pauses:
- nu - 'well'
- ve... - /vav haxibur/ the usual Hebrew conjunction word, 'and'
- em - slight confusion
- ups
- oj
Modern Hebrew also has several interjections containing sounds external to regular Hebrew phonetic inventory, mostly [w] in different Exclamations:
- waj
- waw
- wow
[edit] Turkish
- ve:and
- ops
- ah:expresses disappointment and displeasure or pain
- of:expresses pain
- hah:expresses approval
- nah:expresses disapproval or disappointment
[edit] Others
- sh /ʃ/("quiet!") is the first sound of the word /ʃeket/ meaning 'quiet!'.
