Independent station
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An independent station is a television station that is not affiliated with any network.
During the 1950s and 1960s, these stations would fill their broadcast hours with programming such as movies, sports, cartoons, newsreels, filmed travelogues, and some locally-produced programs, including newscasts. Independents on the air during this period would begin their broadcasting day (sign-on) at times later than network-affiliated stations, some in the middle of the morning.
A newer source of programming became available to independent stations by the middle 1960s: re-broadcasts (reruns) of network programs which, after completing their initial runs, were sold into syndication. By the start of the 1970s, the standard format many independents followed was this: children's programming in the morning and afternoon, and movies and other adult-oriented shows (some stations aired paid religious programs) during middays. Independents would counter-program the local network stations with syndicated reruns, usually situation comedies (sitcoms) and hour-long dramas, in the early evening (while network stations aired local and national news), and movies during primetime and late-night hours. In some areas, independents would carry network programs that were not aired on a local affiliate.
In larger markets (such as New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles and others), independent stations benefited from a Federal Communications Commission ruling barring network-affiliated stations within the top fifty television markets from airing off-network programs in the two hours preceding primetime. Known as the "Prime Time Access Rule", this guideline was in effect from 1975 until 1995, and as a result, syndicated reruns became more readily available to independents.
In the 1980s, television syndicators started to offer original, first-run programming, and independent stations were the primary beneficiaries of this trend. Independents would schedule first-run programs during primetime and on weekends. Some stations in larger markets even ventured into local news broadcasts, usually at the earlier time of 10:00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific time zones, and 9:00 p.m. in the Central and Mountain time zones. Network stations aired their late newscasts an hour later.
The independent station roster in the United States once numbered close to three-hundred in the mid-1980s. Many of these stations belonged to the Association of Independent Television Stations (INTV), a group similar to the National Association of Broadcasters, and which lobbied the FCC on behalf of the cause of the independent.
In the United States, several independent stations were commonly-owned. Companies that operated three or more independents included:
- Metromedia
- Tribune Broadcasting
- RKO General
- Chris-Craft Industries, and its subsidiary United Television
- Kaiser Broadcasting, and its successor Field Communications
- Taft Broadcasting
- Sinclair Broadcast Group
- TVX Broadcast Group, and its successor Paramount Stations Group
- Christian Broadcasting Network
- Gaylord Broadcasting
- Grant Broadcasting
- Pappas Telecasting Companies
- Cox Enterprises
In 1986 several independents, led by the Metromedia stations, formed the Fox Broadcasting Company, the fourth U.S. television service. Nine years later, in 1995, other stations joined together to create The WB Television Network and United Paramount Network, and other smaller stations banded together for the PAX network in 1998. As a result, and in addition to changing programming trends, the independent station has become a rare breed. Current independents follow a much different program format than their predecessors: while sitcoms are still popular, children's shows and movies, once independent staples, have been replaced by expanded newscasts, other syndicated product such as talk shows and courtroom shows, and paid programs such as infomercials (program-length commercials) and Christian religious programs. Several stations affiliated with the WB and UPN became independent again when those services merged to form the CW Television Network in September 2006. Some of the newly-independent stations found a new network home with another new venture launched by Fox called MyNetworkTV.
While independent stations were not as common in Canada, there were several notable examples of such (see listing below).
[edit] A list of notable U.S. independent stations, past and present
(a partial listing, arranged on current Nielsen DMA data; ** - denotes a current independent station)
- New York City: WNEW-TV, WOR-TV/WWOR-TV, WPIX, WATV/WNTA-TV, **WLIG/WLNY
- Los Angeles: KTLA, **KHJ-TV/KCAL-TV, KTTV, KCOP, **KWHY-TV, **KDOC-TV
- Chicago: WGN-TV, WFLD-TV, WSNS-TV, **WCIU-TV, WPWR-TV, WGBO-TV
- Philadelphia: WPHL-TV, WTAF-TV, WKBS-TV/WGTW-TV, WGBS-TV, **WFMZ-TV
- San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose: KRON-TV, KTVU, KBHK-TV, **KGSC-TV/KICU-TV, **KTZO/KOFY-TV/KBWB, **KFTY, **KTVJ
- Dallas-Fort Worth: KDFI-TV, KTVT, **KTXA, KXTX-TV, **KFWD, KRLD-TV, KSTR, **KLDT
- Boston: **WSBK-TV, WLVI-TV, WFXT-TV, WSMW-TV/WHLL, WQTV, WNDS/WZMY-TV
- Washington, D.C.: WTTG, WDCA-TV, WFTY
- Atlanta: **WTCG/WTBS, WGNX, WATL-TV, WVEU, WHOT
- Houston: KHTV, KRIV-TV, KTXH, **KNWS-TV
- Detroit: WKBD-TV, WXON, WGPR-TV
- Tampa-Saint Petersburg: WTOG-TV, WTTA, **WMOR-TV, WFTS
- Phoenix: KPHO-TV, KNXV-TV, KUTP, **KTVK
- Seattle-Tacoma: KTNT-TV/KSTW, KMO-TV/KTVW/KCPQ, **KVOS-TV, **KONG-TV, KTZZ
- Minneapolis-Saint Paul: WTCN-TV, KMSP-TV, KITN-TV, **KSTC-TV, KTMA/KLGT
- Miami-Fort Lauderdale: WCIX, WBFS-TV, WDZL, WAMI-TV
- Cleveland-Akron: WUAB, WBNX-TV, WKBF-TV/WCLQ, WOIO
- Denver: KWGN-TV, KDVR, KTVD
- Orlando-Daytona Beach: WOFL, WKCF, WRBW, **WRDQ
- Sacramento-Stockton: KTXL, KRBK-TV, KSCH/KQCA
- Saint Louis: KPLR-TV, KDNL-TV
- Pittsburgh: WPGH-TV, WPTT
- Portland, Oregon: KPTV, KPDX
- Baltimore: WBFF, WNUV-TV
- Indianapolis: WTTV, WXIN
- Charlotte: **WAXN-TV, WCCB, WJZY, WRET-TV, **WHKY-TV
- San Diego: KCST-TV, XETV-TV, **KUSI-TV, KTTY
- Hartford-New Haven: WHCT, WTXX, WTIC-TV
- Raleigh-Durham-Fayetteville: WLFL-TV, WKFT
- Nashville: WZTV, WCAY-TV/WXMT
- Kansas City, Missouri: KBMA-TV/KSHB-TV, KZKC/KSMO-TV
- Columbus, Ohio: WTTE
- Cincinnati: WXIX-TV, WIII-TV/WSTR-TV
- Milwaukee: WVTV, WCGV-TV, WDJT-TV
- Salt Lake City: KSTU, **KAZG/KPNZ, KJZZ-TV
- Greenville-Spartanburg-Asheville: WAXA/WFBC-TV, WGGS-TV, WHNS, WASV-TV, WNEG-TV
- San Antonio: KCOR-TV/KUAL-TV, KABB
- West Palm Beach: WFLX, WTVX, WHDT
- Grand Rapids-Kalamazoo-Battle Creek: WXMI
- Birmingham-Anniston-Tuscaloosa: WTTO, WABM
- Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News: WYAH-TV/WGNT, WTVZ, **WSKY-TV
- Las Vegas KVVU-TV
- Memphis: WPTY-TV, WMKW-TV/WLMT
- Oklahoma City: KOKH-TV, KAUT-TV
- Greensboro/Winston-Salem/High Point: WGNN-TV/WJTM/WNRW-TV
- Louisville: WDRB-TV
- Buffalo: WUTV
- Jacksonville: WAWS, **WJXT, WNFT
- Providence: WNAC-TV
- Austin: KBVO
- Scranton/Wilkes-Barre: WOLF-TV
- New Orleans: WGNO, WNOL-TV
- Fresno-Visalia: KMPH, KAIL
- Albany-Schenectady-Troy: WXXA-TV
- Dayton, Ohio: WRGT-TV
- Richmond, Virginia: WRLH-TV, WZXK
- Charleston-Huntington, W.V.: WVAH-TV
- Tucson: KZAZ/KMSB-TV
- Toledo, Ohio: WUPW
- Honolulu: KIKU-TV/KHNL, KFVE
- Des Moines: KCBR/KDSM-TV
- Spokane: KAYU-TV
- Rochester, New York: WUHF
- Johnstown/Altoona: W13BY-CA
[edit] A list of notable Canadian independent stations, past and present
- Barrie, Ontario: CKVR-TV
- Calgary-Lethbridge: CFAC-TV/CICT-CISA
- Edmonton: CITV-TV
- Halifax: CIHF-TV
- Hamilton: CHCH-TV
- London, Ontario: CFPL-TV
- Pembroke-Ottawa: CHRO-TV
- St. Johns, Nfld.: CJON-TV
- Toronto: CITY-TV, CKXT, CFMT, CJMT
- Winnipeg: CKND-TV, CHMI
- Wingham, Ontario: CKNX-TV
- Vancouver: CKVU-TV, CIVT-TV, CHNM-TV
