Duff Cooper

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Alfred Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich GCMG DSO PC (February 22, 1890 - January 1, 1954), known as Duff Cooper, was a British diplomat, Cabinet member, and author.

The son of fashionable society doctor Sir Alfred Cooper and Lady Agnes Duff (sister of Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife), he was the youngest of four children and the only son and enjoyed a typical gentleman's upbringing of country estates, London society, Eton College, and New College, Oxford.

At Oxford, his Eton friendship with John Manners won him entree into a famous and fashionable circle of young aristocrats and intellectuals known as The Coterie, including Patrick Shaw-Stewart, Raymond Asquith (son of the Prime Minister), Sir Denis Anson, Edward Horner and most famously Lady Diana Manners, the most beautiful woman in England and the "Lady Di" of her day. He cultivated a reputation for eloquence and fast-living and although he had established a reputation as a poet, he earned an even better reputation for gambling, womanizing, and drinking in his studied emulation of the life of Charles James Fox.

Following Oxford, he entered into the Foreign Service and owing to the national importance of his work at the cipher desk, he was excluded from military service until 1917, when he joined the Grenadier Guards. He served with distinction as a lieutenant in the campaigns of 1918, winning a DSO for conspicuous gallantry. Almost all of his closest friends, including Shaw-Stewart, Horner, Asquith and John Manners were killed in the war, drawing him closer to Lady Diana Manners, whom he married in 1919. An extremely popular social figure hailed for her beauty and eccentricities, she was one of several daughters born to the Duke and Duchess of Rutland; her biological father, however, was believed to be Harry Cust, known as one of the handsomest men of his day.

The Coopers' marriage was fraught with infidelities, notably Duff's affairs with the Anglo-American Singer sewing-machine heiress Daisy Fellowes, the French novelist Louise Leveque de Vilmorin and the Anglo-Irish socialite and fashion model Maxime de La Falaise.

Returning to the Foreign Service, he became principal private secretary to two ministers and played a significant role in the Egyptian and Turkish crises of the early 1920s before winning a seat in Parliament as a Conservative for Oldham in 1924. He gave one of the most acclaimed maiden speeches of the century and became known as a stalwart supporter of Stanley Baldwin, the Prime Minister, and a friend of Chancellor of the Exchequer, Winston Churchill. He became Financial Secretary to the War Office in January 1928 before losing his seat in the 1929 election when the Conservative Party was swept out of office.

Turning to literature, he produced Talleyrand, a short biography that was published in 1932 to critical praise. He returned to Parliament in a by-election in 1931 for Westminster St George's and served until 1945.

Returning to ministerial office as Financial Secretary to the War Office in 1931, then as Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1934, he was elevated to the Cabinet as War Secretary in 1935 and promoted to First Lord of the Admiralty in 1937. He completed a biography of Douglas Haig during this period. The most public critic of Neville Chamberlain's appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, he famously resigned in 1938 over the Munich Agreement with Adolf Hitler in an act that MP Vyvyan Adams described as "the first step in the road back to national sanity". He later took a prominent role in the famous Parliamentary debate of 1940 which led to Chamberlain's downfall.

He subsequently entered the Cabinet as Minister of Information under Winston Churchill but after a controversial appointment as Resident Cabinet Minster in Singapore in 1941, he did not play a major role in the direction of the war until appointed the British Government's liaison to the Free French in 1943. He subsequently became the British ambassador to France in 1944 and was a great success in Paris. He left office in 1947, was knighted, and devoted himself primarily to literature until his death in 1954 at the age of 63. He produced during this period the classic autobiography Old Men Forget and was eventually created Viscount Norwich in 1952 in recognition of his political and literary career. His wife refused to be called Lady Norwich, claiming that it sounded too much like "porridge" and promptly took out a newspaper advertisement declaring that she would retain her previous style of Lady Diana Cooper.

Duff Cooper's only legitimate child, John Julius Norwich (born in 1929), became well known as a writer and television host and his granddaughter Artemis Cooper has published several books, including A Durable Fire: The Letters of Duff and Diana Cooper, 1913-50. Another granddaughter is screenwriter Allegra Huston, the only child of John Julius Norwich and Enrica Soma Huston (then married to the American film director John Huston). Duff Cooper also had at least one illegitimate son, William Patten, Jr. whose mother was Susan Mary Patten (better known as the writer and hostess Susan Mary Alsop), the wife of an American diplomat stationed in Paris.

Duff Cooper was the subject of a biography by John Charmley and a British literary award, the Duff Cooper Prize was established in his name.

[edit] Offices held

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by William John Tout Edward Grigg	Member of Parliament for Oldham 2-seat constituency (with William Martin Wiggins) 1924–1929	Succeeded by James Wilson Gordon Lang
Preceded by Sir Worthington Laming Wothington-Evans	Member of Parliament for Westminster St George's 1931–1945	Succeeded by Arthur Jared Palmer Howard
Political offices
Preceded by Leslie Hore-Belisha	Financial Secretary to the Treasury 1934–1935	Succeeded by William Morrison
Preceded by The Viscount Halifax	Secretary of State for War 1935–1937	Succeeded by Leslie Hore-Belisha
Preceded by Sir Samuel Hoare	First Lord of the Admiralty 1937–1938	Succeeded by The Earl Stanhope
Preceded by Sir John Reith	Minister of Information 1940–1941	Succeeded by Brendan Bracken
Preceded by The Lord Hankey	Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1941–1943	Succeeded by Ernest Brown
Diplomatic Posts
Preceded by None due to German occupation during World War II	British Ambassador to France 1944–1948	Succeeded by Sir Oliver Harvey
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by New Creation	Viscount Norwich 1952–1954	Succeeded by John Julius Cooper