Drainage basin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A drainage basin is a region of land where water from rain or snowmelt drains downhill into a body of water, such as a river, lake, dam, estuary, wetland, sea or ocean. The drainage basin includes both the streams and rivers that convey the water as well as the land surfaces from which water drains into those channels. The drainage basin acts like a funnel - collecting all the water within the area covered by the basin and channeling it into a waterway. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a ridge, hill or mountain, which is known as a water divide or sometimes a watershed (in those parts of the world where the drainage basin itself is not called a watershed).
In addition to drainage basin and watershed, the following terms can be used to describe the same concept:
- catchment, catchment area, or catchment basin
- drainage area
- river basin
- water basin
The largest drainage basin in the world is the Amazon, covering 6,144,727 km² (a third of the area of South America).
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[edit] Ocean drainage basins
Most of the Earth's surface drains into one of the five oceans. Basins that do not drain into an ocean are called endorheic (see below).
- The Arctic Ocean drains the areas once known as Rupert's Land in northern Canada, and most of Russia.
- The Atlantic Ocean drains the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes drainage basins, plus the Eastern Seaboard, Canadian Maritimes, Newfoundland and Labrador in North America; nearly all of South America (that portion east of the Andes); northern Europe; the greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa; and the drainage basins of the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas:
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- The Caribbean Sea basin includes all of the American interior (the Louisiana Purchase, the western Mississippi River watershed; as well as the eastern half such as the Ohio River and its tributaries); eastern Central America; and far northern South America.
- The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of northeastern Africa, including Egypt, Libya, and Sudan (the Nile basin), as well as southern and eastern Europe, Turkey, and the Levant.
- The Indian Ocean drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, and most of Australia.
- The Pacific Ocean basin includes much of China, southeastern Russia, Japan, Korea, most of Indonesia and Malaysia, the Philippines, the rest of the Pacific Islands, and the northeast coast of Australia; as well as Alaska, British Columbia, the western United States and Central America, and the coast of South America (the smaller portion west of the Andes).
- The Southern Ocean drains Antarctica.
[edit] Endorheic drainage basins
Endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain into an ocean. The largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, and drains into the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea. Other basins include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert, the watershed of the Okavango River (Kalahari Basin), highlands near the African Great Lakes, the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula, and parts in Mexico and the Andes.
[edit] Geopolitical boundaries
Drainage basins have been important historically in determining boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the Indian Trade in the entire Hudson Bay watershed, an area called Rupert's Land. The company later acquired the North American watershed of the Arctic Ocean (the North-Western Territory). These lands later became part of Canada as the Northwest Territories, making up the vast majority of Canada's land area.
Today, bioregional democracy can include agreements of states in a particular drainage basin to defend it. These include the Great Lakes Commission.
[edit] Hydrology
In hydrology, the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle, because the majority of water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of the discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet.
Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over a drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. If the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the watershed is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for the rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time consuming.
[edit] Ecology
Drainage basins are important elements to consider also in ecology. As water flows over the ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients, sediment, and pollutants. Like the water, they get transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water body.
Modern usage of artifial fertilizers, containing Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium, has affected the mouths of watersheds. The minerals will be carried by the watershed to the mouth and accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance.
[edit] Resource management
Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In Minnesota, U.S.A., governmental entities that perform this function are called watershed districts. In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities. In North America this function is referred to as watershed management. In Brazil, the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as territorial division of Brazilian water management.
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- A detailed map of watersheds in North America
- Science in Your Watershed, USGS
- Studying Watersheds: A Confluence of Important Ideas
- Map of the Earth's primary drainage basins/watersheds, WRI
- Surf Your Watershed, EPA
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- Cycleau - A project looking at approaches to managing catchments in North West Europe
