DirectShow

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Logo of the DirectX Media SDK - the first time DirectShow was distributed under its current name.

DirectShow (sometimes abbreviated as DS or DShow), codename Quartz, is a multimedia framework and API produced by Microsoft for software developers to perform various operations with media files. It is a replacement for Microsoft's earlier Video for Windows technology. Based on the Microsoft Windows Component Object Model framework, DirectShow provides a common interface for media across many of Microsoft's Programming Languages, and is an extensible, filter-based framework that can render or record media files on demand at the behest of the user or developer. The DirectShow development tools and documentation are distributed as part of the Microsoft Platform SDK.

Applications such as Windows Media Player use DirectShow or a variation thereof to display content from a file or URL. DirectShow's most notable competition is RealNetworks' Helix Framework and Apple Computer's QuickTime framework. Microsoft plans to eventually replace DirectShow with Media Foundation.

[edit] History

ActiveMovie, codename Quartz, the predecessor of DirectShow, was started in the Windows 3.0 days by Geraint Davies for Microsoft as an answer to QuickTime, the most popular media platform at the time. ActiveMovie was first available as an add-on to Windows 95 and that required Internet Explorer 3.0. Its main purpose at the time was to serve as a plugin for Internet Explorer to play media files inside of its window(s), such as what QuickTime offered for Netscape and Internet Explorer at the time, and to serve as a replacement for Video for Windows, particularly for MPEG files whose frame-reordering was difficult to deal with in Video for Windows.

In 1998, around the time of DirectX 5's release, ActiveMovie was renamed to DirectShow (reflecting Microsoft's efforts at the time to consolidate technologies that worked "directly" with hardware under a common naming scheme) and was included as part of the "DirectMedia SDK".

ActiveMovie was initially promised to be cross platform like Apple's QuickTime, and match Apple's features such as QuickTime VR with Surround Video. Microsoft also promised new functionality in ChromEffects, which made headlines in 1998, but was quickly canceled, along with the vaporware Surround Video and the Macintosh version of ActiveMovie.

In version 7 of DirectX, DirectShow became part of the mainline distribution of the DirectX SDK and given its own place alongside other DirectX APIs such as DirectInput. Even then, DirectShow was mostly used as a way to receive data from video input devices, such as a camcorder, and the ability of it to render data from a file was mostly used by Windows Media Player.

In April 2005, DirectShow was removed from DirectX and moved to the Microsoft Platform SDK. The DirectX SDK was, however, still required to build DirectShow samples.^[1].

DirectShow was removed from the Platform SDK in 2006. Programmers must install the April 2005 Platform SDK in order to acquire DirectShow.

[edit] Design Model

The way DirectShow works usually is that a developer creates a filter graph, adds some filters – possibly custom – to the graph, and then renders a file, URL or camera. During the rendering process, the filter graph searches the Windows Registry for registered filters and builds its graph of filters based on the location provided. After this, it connects the filters together, and, at the developer's request, plays/pauses etc. the created graph.

Filter graph of an mp3 file, as rendered by the DirectShow sample GraphEdit. In this picture the big boxes represent filters and the tiny boxes on the horizontal ends of the filters represent pins.

Each filter represents a stage in the processing of the data, e.g. reading from a file or camera, decoding, transforming or rendering. The filter has a number of pins that represent connection points on the filter that can be connected to other filters. Pins can be either output or input. Depending on the filter, data is either "pulled" from an output pin or "pushed" to an input pin in order to transfer data between filters.

Most filters are built using a set of C++ classes provided in the DirectShow SDK, called the DirectShow Base Classes. These handle much of the creation, registration and connection logic for the filter. For the filter graph to use filters automatically, they need to be registered in a separate DirectShow registry entry as well as being registered with COM. This registration can be managed by the DirectShow Base Classes. However, if the application adds the filters manually, they do not need to be registered at all.

Unfortunately, it is difficult to modify a graph that is already running. It is usually easier to stop the graph and create a new graph from scratch. Starting with DirectShow 8.0 dynamic graph building, dynamic reconnection, and filter chains were introduced to help alter graph while it is running. However, many filter vendors ignore this features and technology cannot be used in general case with any filter.

[edit] Features

There are several levels of abstraction available in rendering sources in DirectShow, and doing any of these is fairly simple to do as long as a custom filter is not needed. At the most basic level, the procedure is for the developer to build a filter graph from scratch by manually adding and connecting each desired filter in the graph. The procedure for the next level of complexity is for the developer to create his or her own filter graph, for example from a source filter that contains information about a file or website address (URL) and possibly some custom filter that the user would desire, and then to let DirectShow complete the filter graph for the user and connect the filters together. Finally, the developer could just let DirectShow create a filter graph for him or her automatically from a source such as a file or URL.

By default, DirectShow supports several common media file formats, such as MPEG1 (no Encoding Support), MP3,^[2] and Windows Media Video as well as several more mundane formats, such as plain static images.^[3] Since the technology is licensed in Windows, no payout to Fraunhofer is required for, say, an MP3 license. Extensions allow DirectShow to be extended to support any format available; for example, there have been filters made for Ogg Vorbis files^[4] and AC3, and a number of others.

Unlike the main C API of QuickTime where it is necessary to call MoviesTask in a loop to load a media file, DirectShow handles all of this in a transparent way. It creates several background threads that smoothly play the requested file or URL without much work required from the programmer. Also in contrast to QuickTime, nothing special is required for loading a URL instead of a local file on disk - DirectShow's filter graph abstracts these details from the programmer. Recent developments in QuickTime (including an ActiveX Control) have lessened this, however.

[edit] Criticism

Commanding DirectShow to play a file is a relatively simple task. However, while programming more advanced customizations, such as commanding DirectShow to display certain windows messages from the video window or creating custom filters, many developers complain of difficulties. It is often regarded as one of Microsoft's most complex development libraries/APIs.

Developers rarely create DirectShow filters "from scratch", rather, they employ a set of MFC-like (although not requiring MFC) classes called the "DirectShow Base Classes." The Base Classes can often simplify development, allowing the programmer to bypass certain tasks. However, the process may remain relatively complex; the code found in the Base Classes is nearly half the size of the entire MFC library. As a result, even with the Base Classes, the number of COM objects that DirectShow contains overwhelms many developers. In some cases, DirectShow's API deviates from traditional COM rules, particularly in regards to the parameters used for methods. To overcome their difficulties with DirectShow's unique COM rules, developers often turn to a higher level API that uses DirectShow, notably, Windows Media Player SDK. This API provides the developer with an ActiveX Control that has fewer COM interfaces to deal with.

DirectShow has also been criticized for its support of digital rights management (DRM). However, this criticism appears misplaced, as DirectShow itself has minimal support for DRM in its API. The Windows Media Player SDK more significantly reflects Microsoft's adherence to DRM.

DirectShow has also been scrutinized for compatibility problems with third-party media players (media displaying software not belonging to Microsoft). After a settlement with the European Union, Microsoft started shipping a version of Windows that excluded Windows Media Player. While all of DirectShow's default formats^[3] appeared to be supported, Microsoft suggested that the stripped-down versions of the operating system may not have supported all of those formats.^[5]

[edit] Video Renderer vs. VMR7 vs. VMR9

Case in point to the complexity argument – originally the way to play video was to use the Video Renderer filter. This drew the images using DirectDraw, but could also fall back to Graphics Device Interface (GDI) drawing in some circumstances. One problem with it was limited access to the window: Video for Windows had been plagued with deadlocks caused by applications' incorrect handling of the video window, so in early DirectShow releases, the handle to the playback window was hidden from applications. This of course made it very difficult for sophisticated applications to handle Windows messages, such as WM_SETCURSOR.^[6] There was also no reliable way to draw caption text or graphics on top of the video.

DirectShow 6.0 has introduced Overlay Mixer renderer designed for DVD playback and broadcast video streams with closed captioning and subtitles. The Overlay Mixer uses DirectDraw for rendering, downstream connection with Video Renderer is required for window management. Overlay Mixer also supports Video Port Extensions (VPE), enabling to work with analog TV tuners with overlay capability (sending video directly to a video card via analog link rather than via PCI bus). Overlay Mixer also supports DXVA connections.

Windows XP introduced a new filter called VMR-7^[7] (Abbreviation for Video Mixing Renderer 7, sometimes just referred to as plain VMR). The 7 was because VMR-7 only used DirectDraw version 7 to render the video and did not have the option to use GDI drawing. The main new feature of VMR-7 was the ability to mix multiple streams and graphics, so allowing applications to draw text and graphics over the video. VMR7 also featured a "windowless mode"^[8] which fixed the problems with access to the window handle; however it required a bit of extra initialization code. For non-technical reasons, it was released only on Windows XP.^[9]

DirectX 9 included yet another renderer, dubbed VMR-9.^[10] This version depends on DirectX9-style graphics (also known as Direct3D). Unlike the VMR-7, it also would work on any system that supported DirectX9, provided that the graphics adapter could support the required Direct3D modes. However, this caused even further splintering on an already extremely involved API.

[edit] References

• MSDN DirectShow documentation. Retrieved on August 17, 2005.
• Pesce, Mark D. (2003). Programming Microsoft® DirectShow® for Digital Video and Television. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1821-6. (Sample Chapter)
• Various posts from the "Microsoft.public.win32.programmer.directx.video" newsgroup

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

• MSDN - 'Official DirectShow documentation from MSDN'
• MSDN - 'DirectShow Downloads from MSDN'
• Home page of Geraint Davies - 'Creator of DirectShow and a DirectShow MVP – Contains several FAQs and examples.'
• The March Hare - 'Prolific DirectShow MVP – Contains several FAQs'
• Chris P's code - 'Another DirectShow MVP – Some samples focused on audio.'
• AV Programming Forum - 'Articles and Forum for DirectShow and Format SDK.'
• RadLight - 'Theora DirectShow filter enables Microsoft Windows Media Player to play Theora videos.' The author has unfortunately disappeared, but you can download the (unsupported) codec here Codec download at free-codecs.com
• Illiminable - 'Open source Directshow filter for Ogg Vorbis, Speex, Theora and FLAC for Windows Media Player. The source code, available from the xiph.org Subversion repository, contains implementations of more than 15 different DirectShow filters.'
• MediaLooks DirectShow SDK - 'An alternative DirectShow SDK, a replacement for DirectShow Base Classes.'
• Standard Mpeg DirectShow SDK - 'DirectShow SDK for encoding to Mpeg.'
• DirectShow in Russian - 'DirectShow Tutorial (Russian)'
• MontiVision Development Kit - 'A DirectShow based image and video processing SDK for use in machine vision, surveillance and multimedia.'
• DSPack - 'A DirectShow library for Borland DELPHI.'
• juhara.com - 'DirectShow Tips: Splitting audio - video data from movie file (AVI).'