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误差 - Wikipedia

误差

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误差实验科学术语。指测量结果偏离真值的程度。分为绝对误差和相对误差。绝对误差是测量值对真值偏离的绝对大小,因此它的单位与测量值的单位相同;相对误差则是绝对误差与真值的比值,因此它是一个百分数。一般来说,相对误差更能反映测量的可信程度。例如,测量者用同一把尺子测量长度为1厘米和10厘米的物体,它们的测量值的绝对误差显然是相同的,但是相对误差前者比后者大了一个数量级,表明后者测量值更为可信。 误差的来源可以分为系统误差和随机误差。系统误差是由一些固有的因素(如测量方法的缺陷)产生的,理论上总是可以通过一定的手段来消除;但是随机误差,顾名思义,它是随机产生的,不可预计的,它服从统计学上所谓的“正态分布”或称“高斯分布”,它是不可消除的,在这个意义上,测量对象的真值是永远不可知的,只能通过多次测量获得的均值尽量逼近。


误差的分布情况具有如下性质:

  • 误差的绝对值有一定的限值;
  • 绝对值较小的误差比绝对值较大的误差多;
  • 绝对值相等的正负误差的个数相近。
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