校服
维基百科，自由的百科全书
School uniforms are common in elementary and secondary schools in many nations. They are the most widely known form of student uniform, other types of which include uniforms worn by students participating in higher vocational training, such as in health related occupations.
Traditionally, school uniforms have been subdued and professional. Boys' uniforms often consist of dark pants and light-colored shirt, plus a jacket in cold weather. A girl's might consist of a 裙子 and 女衬衫. The gender-specific uniforms have been a point of contention, and some schools permit female students to choose either skirt or trousers. The use of a blazer or suit-like jacket has come into favour in some areas.
In continental Europe, uniforms have not been required in public (state-sponsored) schools. Private schools, though, often have a school uniform or a strict dress code.[來源請求] This is different in the United Kingdom however, where the majority of state schools adopt a uniform, for a more formal look.
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[编辑] School dress codes vs. school uniforms
School dress codes generally dictate what can't be worn by any student, such as sheer or midriff-baring blouses, clothing with ads for beer and alcohol, or low-rider jeans. A school uniform policy generally dictates what must be worn by all students, such as solid color polo shirts in school colors in American public elementary schools with a uniform policy.
[编辑] Use according to country
[编辑] 加拿大
許多加拿大的地區 公開資助了 天主教學校, 並且許多那些學校有制服。近年來, 一些學校消滅了 裙子 和 蘇格蘭男用短裙, 傾向於禮服褲子為女孩, 或被替換的裙子與蘇格蘭男用短裙, 看起來像一件蘇格蘭男用短裙從外面的服裝, 但有附上短褲在裡面為謙遜。並且, 自行車短褲有時被穿著在裙子之下。上面是或禮服襯衣或高爾夫球襯衣, 並且或毛線衣或襯衣被穿著。灰色或卡其色的禮服褲子由男孩和女孩穿著。
[编辑] 德国
相當共同在前WW II 次, 校服之內幾乎完全跌倒了在厚待外面作為Nazism 的長期後果 , 如同德國人, 特別是學校控制的智力左邊, 被認為他們軍國主義的想法的標誌。在1980年代和1990年代, 校服是幾乎完全未知的。最近, 他們做了回擊在一些學校, 為他們假想的正面作用在學科和並且防止 名牌 競爭在孩子之中。但是, 比學校襯衣或毛線衣被介紹了會被認為少量在多數其它國家, 很少包括更多的那些學校制服。
[编辑] 日本
日本於19世紀末引入西式的校服，作為現代化的一部份。今日，無論公立學校或私校校服都趨向標準化。部份女子學校亦需穿著校服。
常見的日本女學生校服為水手服，以白色或深色為主，裙子短過膝蓋，配以黑色長襪。
[编辑] 马来西亚
馬來西亞介紹了西部樣式校服(pakaian seragam sekolah) 在19 世紀晚期在英國的殖民地時代期間直到崗位獨立。今天, 校服是幾乎普遍的在公立和私立學校系統。當前的马来西亚人校服是compulisory 為所有學生。
[编辑] 新西兰
傳統上, 許多 新西兰初中和高中跟隨了英國的校服式樣。通常包括各種各樣的以下服裝: ' 正式' 學校澤西、夾克和領帶、一件灰色或白色襯衣、褲子及/或短褲，女學生則穿著蘇格蘭男用短裙。
允許穿著長的褲子作為制服一部分而非短褲，經常被認為是標記和分裂低年級和高年級學生。在一些學校, 高年級學生被允許穿著便服 ("civvies" 或便衣) ，。這是強的傳統為許多學校, 特別是男校，有長的("膝蓋高") 襪子穿以短褲作為分別的標誌。
傳統制服開始由更便宜和更多' 現代' 選擇替換: 球衣, 極性 fleece 上面, 或完全廢除的制服，改穿便服。
[编辑] 英国
Uniforms are extremely common in schools in the United Kingdom. Virtually all public, state and secular schools have a uniform of some kind or have a strict dress code. Uniform is typically worn from year 1 (4-5 years old) through to year 11 (16 years old is the last year of compulsary education in the UK.) In many schools the sixth form (16-18 year olds) are also required to wear a uniform or to comply to a dress code, though this is sometimes more relaxed. This practise is more common for sixth form colleges which are attached directly to schools than for independent sixth form colleges. Further Education colleges (for age 16+) do not usually have a uniform.
- An example of a typical British secondary school uniform dress code is as follows:
- School blazer
- Plain white or blue shirt
- School tie
- Black or navy trousers or skirt
- Gray, white, dark blue or black socks
- Plain black shoes
- Black/Navy v-neck pullover, or black pullover with the school crest
- Outer clothing of a sober design
- The P.E. (Physical Education) kit often comprises of:
- School polo shirt
- Blue, Black, Red, Green or White Shorts
- Trainers
In addition to this many schools (both public and state funded) have moderately strict rules on the wearing of make up, jewellery or 'trendy' clothing. It should be noted that most schools in the United Kingdom do not suffer the fairly common 'clothing cliques' found in countries where uniforms are not so prevelant. However children with cheap or poorly kept school uniform often become excluded.
Although never an official part of the uniform, the Snorkel Parka became extreemly popular as a school winter Jacket in the 1970's and 1980's. It was a relatively cheap jacket, affordable by most families and therefore in many schools at the time almost every boy would have one though they were less popular with girls. Although unpopular during the 1990's the Snorkel Parka is now becoming popular again, though nowhere near the popularity it gained in the early 1980's.
During the 1990s a trend toward sweatshirts and polo shirts with the school crest spread throughout schools in the UK, notably in Primary schools but, increasingly, in Secondary schools. This was seen as a way to modernise the uniform as well as make it more affordable to lower income families who couldn't afford blazers, etc. Equally temperatures in classrooms have changed over the last 50 years in the United Kingdom due to both environmental reasons and also the introduction of central heating systems. This has in most schools made older uniforms such as thick jumpers, blazers and shirts highly impractical, especially in the summer months, prompting many schools to adopt more casual temperate uniforms. In some cases schools are re-introducing the blazer and tie in a bid to 'smarten up' their pupils and combat bullying.
In many secondary schools, girls have started to wear trousers instead of skirts as part of their uniform, but this depends on the school and the area. Unlike in the United States there is no law forcing gender impartial uniforms. As a result especially in privately funded schools, many girls uniforms differs significantly from the boys uniform.
British night clubs often organise uniform theme parties where patrons are asked to wear adult versions of the uniform. This kind of use of children's clothing may be controversial in the context of a setting of heavy drinking and sexual behaviour. Angus Young from the Australian musical act AC/DC often wears his school uniform on stage.
[编辑] 美国
Most public schools in the United States do not require uniforms. Students can wear clothing of their choice within the limits of their school's dress code. Dress codes usually include limits on skirt length and skin exposure. They generally include prohibitions on clothing with tears or holes, exposure of undergarments, and anything that is obscene, gang-related, or unsafe. [1] Some school dress codes specify the types of tops (e.g. collared) and bottoms (e.g. khaki) that are allowed. In recent years there has been a signifficant increase in school uniforms (see below) for all levels of schooling. According to the National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP), the fraction of American public schools requiring school uniforms rose from three percent in 1997 to one in five (21%) in 2000.
School uniforms are fairly common for private schools in the United States, especially for Catholic schools. Although many private school uniforms are similar to the ones described below for public schools, a few still require more formal British-style school uniforms, such as blazers and ties. Culottes are also sometimes substituted for a skirt, especially at Episcopalian or non-parochial private schools.
In 1994, the Long Beach Unified School District, in Southern California, required school uniforms in all elementary and middle schools. This began a trend for uniforms in American elementary public schools, especially in urban school districts. President Clinton mentioned LBUSD's efforts in his 1996 State of the Union Address. The adoption of school or district-wide uniform policies (or, alternatively, "standardized dress codes" – which are not as rigid as school uniform requirements, but allow some leeway within set parameters) has been motivated by a need to counter "gang clothing" (or, in the alternative, the pressure for families to purchase upscale-label clothing to avoid their children being ignored by "fashion cliques"), as well as improve morale and school discipline.
School uniforms are fairly simple for U.S. public schools. Tops are usually solid-colored shirts or blouses with collars (often polo shirts) or turtlenecks in a choice of school colors. Pants are usually solid Khaki-colored (tan) or navy blue. Girls can usually wear solid-colored pants, shorts, jumpers, overalls, or skirts in a choice of school colors (or khaki for pants). Public school uniform policies do allow parents to opt-out of the uniform requirements for personal or religious reasons. The number of parents who choose to opt out is usually very low. Furthermore, pursuant to the bill passed in 1999, uniforms in the United States cannot be gender specific. [來源請求]
[编辑] Efficiency
The efficiency of uniforms is often debated. A study published in The Journal of Education Research [2] by David L. Brunsma, of the University of Alabama, and Kerry A. Rockquemore, of the University of Notre Dame, found that student uniforms neither improved attendance and discipline nor decreased drug use. Uniforms did not significantly improve academic performance or students' attitudes toward school. Peer-group relations were not improved. The study also found that uniforms had a negative effect on student attitudes.
[编辑] See also
- Catholic school uniform
- Japanese school uniform
- Schoolgirl uniform fetish
[编辑] References
- Should school uniforms be mandated in elementary schools?
- School Uniforms: The Raging Debate
- Long Beach Unified School District Uniform Initiative: A Prevention-Intervention Strategy for Urban Schools, The
- NAESP : >>Information and Resources: Public School Uniforms
[编辑] 外部链接
- Those disgusting school uniforms
- Mississippi Teacher Corps Focus Paper on School Uniforms
- mufti days defined
- Effects of Student Uniforms on Attendance, Behavior Problems, Substance Abuse, and Academic Achievement
