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新月沃土

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新月沃土地圖
新月沃土地圖

新月沃土或'肥腴月灣是指中東兩河流域及附近一連串肥沃的土地。它包括今日的以色列、西岸、黎巴嫩、约旦部分地区、敘利亞，以及伊拉克和土耳其的東南部。由於在地圖上好像一彎新月，所以美國芝加哥大學的考古學家詹姆士·布雷斯特德(James Henry Breasted)把這一大片肥美的土地稱为「新月沃土」。

新月沃土上的三條主要河流約旦河、幼發拉底河和底格里斯河的流域合共約40至50萬平方公里，現時有人口4至5千萬。這片土地西起地中海东岸，並包含敘利亞沙漠、阿拉伯半岛(Jazirah)及美索不達米亞平原，東至波斯灣。

约旦和幼发拉底河上游周围的西部区域，是11000年前首个所知的农业定居点。最早所知的定居点在Iraq ed-Dubb(约旦)和Tell Aswad(叙利亚)，不久之后是耶利哥。那些最早的城市、国家，在美索不达米亚东部产生了书写(“两河之间”，所说的是幼发拉底河与底格里斯河下游间的土地)。

在灌溉的作用下，這片土地非常肥沃，人民也依靠該土地上出產的糧食爲生。但由於過去的灌溉工程被後來的城市建設所荒廢，兩千年來新月沃土反復地經歷著衰退和恢復的過程。另一個問題是灌溉農田在鹽水的持續滲入下不斷鹽化。

雖然河流對於新月沃土文明的興起起到了關鍵的作用，但是也有其他的因素促成了這片區域的富饒。新月沃土上生活著五种主要家畜的四种——牛、山羊、綿羊和豬，而另一種重要家畜——馬，也生活在不遠的地區。古代新月沃土地區的氣候也促成了許多一年生植物的進化，它們可食用種子的產量要多於多年生植物。這些植物的多樣性也使得這裡的早期人類可以嘗試培育試驗。

一直以來，河水都是這片地區政治衝突的潛在誘因。約旦河構成了以色列、約旦和巴勒斯坦的邊界。幼發拉底河被土耳其和敍利亞分別控制著的四分之一，伊拉克控制著其他下游及其支流。

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