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數學能力及性別 - Wikipedia

數學能力及性別

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一般人常認為數學能力會因為性別不同而有差異。男性通常被認為在數學方面的表現會比女性好。有兩個領域被認為有這種差異:

  1. 一般男性的數學技術比女性好
  2. 男性的數學能力比較多樣化,表示他們很可能比女性的理解能力高。

第二個說法的爭議性相當高。

工程師等以數學為基礎的職業裡,女性與男性的從業人數有相當大的差距。 As these careers would be expected to attract those with mathematical abilities significantly above the average, the variation in skill (standard deviation) within a particular gender is more relevant than the average. Therefore, comparing averages is probably not very helpful when discussing the numbers of females in mathematics based careers and the standard deviation among males should be compared to the standard deviation among females.

有很多理論解釋性別所造成的數學能力差距。有些研究者認為是環境造成。例如,由家庭與學校中,有性別偏見的教育或者其他社會上的影響所造成的。有些認為這個差距是由性別特徵 (characteristic) 所造成。另外有些則認為基因所造成的影響不該被忽略。這部分目前仍未有定論。

目录

[编辑] 證據

智力測驗(例如Differential Aptitude Test,DAT)裏提供了證據。在機械推理上,12年級的男生在智力測驗上取得的分數,幾乎比女生的分數高出 9/10 個標準誤差。 (Lupkowski, 1992).

[编辑] 解釋差異的理論

[编辑] 性別特徵

性別特徵差別是其中一個理論以解釋男性的數學表現較好的原因。男性被視為有更高的自尊,而女性則沒有這麼自信。

年幼學習數學,男性會相信他們能夠做到好,而事實上他們的能力並非和女性相差很遠(Leonard, 1995)。對數學有這個程度的自信、動機和興趣,帶來數學能力的差異(Manning, 1998)。

[编辑] 有偏見的教育

另外,有人相信是有偏見的教育造成此差異。偏見教育的例子如,一個女子在測驗裏和男子取得相同的分數,其等級卻較低。該女子的教授認為女子不屬於其範疇(Isaacson, 1990)。另一個例子是就算女孩的想法和男孩一樣多,老師往往較多叫喚男孩。Leder (1990)指出︰「男人比女人得到的認同、讚賞、鼓勵和正面回應明顯較多。」女性亦傾向放較多心力於語言上,而數學則較少,因為她們受刻板印象影響,認為她們不會在數學方面有成就。刻板印象認為男人能作較好的數學家、科學家或工程師,這些想法同樣在女人的腦袋內,不鼓勵她研究數學。

[编辑] 參考

National Science Foundation (1997). Gender issues in math and technology. TERC. Retrieved July 22, 2004, from http://www.terc.edu/mathequity/gender.html

Tencza (2002). Gender Differences in Mathematics Among Various Aged Students. Georgetown College. Retrieved July 22, 2004 from http://www.georgetowncollege.edu/departments/education/portfolios/Tencza/gender_differences.htm

Stanley, Benbow, Brody, Dauber, &Lupkowski (1992). Gender Differences on Eighty-Six Nationally Standardized Aptitude and Achievement Tests, Talent Development, vol.1, 42-65

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