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排容原理 - Wikipedia

排容原理

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三個集的情況
三個集的情況

排容原理又称容斥原理,在組合數學里,其說明若A1, ..., An 為有限集,則

\left|\bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i\right|=\sum_{i=1}^n\left|A_i\right| -\sum_{i,j\,:\,i\neq j}\left|A_i\cap A_j\right|+\sum_{i,j,k\,:\,i\neq j\neq k\neq i}\left|A_i\cap A_j\cap A_k\right|-\ \cdots\cdots\ \pm \left|A_1\cap\cdots\cap A_n\right|

其中 | A | 表示A基數。例如在兩個集的情況時,我們可以透過將 | A || B | 相加,再減去其交集的基數,而得到其并集的基數。

排容原理亦可用於機率的計算上:

P\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i\right)=\sum_{i=1}^n P\left(A_i\right) -\sum_{i,j\,:\,i\neq j}P\left(A_i\cap A_j\right)+\sum_{i,j,k\,:\,i\neq j\neq k\neq i}P\left(A_i\cap A_j\cap A_k\right)-\ \cdots\cdots\ \pm P\left(\bigcap_{i=1}^n A_i\right)

在大部分情況,排容原理都可以提供精確的公式,例如在數論上,排容原理可以在使用埃拉托斯特尼篩法時計算出質數的數目。

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