亚瑟王
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亞瑟王(King Arthur)是英格蘭傳說中的國王，圓桌騎士團的首領，一位近乎神話般的傳奇人物。他是羅馬帝國瓦解之後，率領圓桌騎士團統一了不列顛群島，被後人尊稱為亞瑟王。關於亞瑟王的傳奇故事，最初如何誕生，源自何處，皆無從查考。究竟亞瑟王是不是以某位歷史人物作為基礎塑造出來的虛構角色也不得而知。
西元800年左右，威爾斯的修士撰寫了一本《布靈頓人的歷史》，書中首次記載「亞瑟」這個名字，描述他領導威爾斯人抵抗從泰晤士河中游入侵的薩克森人。
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[编辑] 历史中的亚瑟王
亚瑟王传说的史实性一直被学者们所争论。有的学派认为亚瑟王在历史上并不存在，他们中的一些人认为亚瑟王是一个几乎被遗忘的，凯尔特神话中神灵的人格化。支持这种理论的学者，常常将它联系到威尔士语源学，亚瑟(Arthur)的名字衍生自“熊(Bear)”。他们提出，熊神在传说中被惯称为“Artos”或是“Artio”。但是，据我们所知，这些神是被欧洲大陆的凯尔特人所崇拜，而非大不列颠人。
另一种观点认为，亚瑟是真实存在的人。虽然某些学说提出他是罗马，或者前罗马时代的人物，但依照大多数学说，并符合传统神话的集合，他是生活在公元5世纪末至六世纪初，抵抗盎格鲁撒克逊侵略者的罗马-不列颠领袖。 最近的考古研究指出，在他的假設的生活時期，撒克逊人出现了一次断代(generation stop?)。他的权力很有可能根植于威尔士，康沃尔或是现在英格兰西部的凯尔特族地区。然而，关于他的权力的中心和范围以及他拥有哪些权力的争论一直持续到今天。
持这种观点中最著名的人物 Geoffrey Ashe 和 Leon Fleuriot， 主张将亚瑟确认为Riothamus, "Brettones之王"， 一个在罗马皇帝Anthemius统治时期活跃的人物. 不幸的是, Riothamus 是一个我们所知甚少的影子一般的人物，而且学者们并不确定此人所领导的"Brettones"究竟是大不列颠人还是Bretons。他们中的其他人主张将亚瑟确认为 Ambrosius Aurelianus，一位赢得了对抗撒克逊人的重要战役的罗马-不列颠战争领袖，但在传说中此人活跃的时间要多多少少比亚瑟来得早。 由此，某些人主张亚瑟是AmbrosiusThus的副官，可能接替他成为领袖。
Other writers suggest that King Arthur should be identified as one Lucius Artorius Castus, a Roman dux of the 2nd century, who led a force of Sarmatian auxillaries based at Hadrian’s Wall, and whose military exploits in Britain may have been remembered for centuries afterwards. This is linked to a theory by C. Scott Littleton and Linda Malcor suggesting that Arthur himself was a Sarmatian. These “Sarmatian connection” theories were the basis of the film King Arthur. Some see certain connections between Sarmatian legends and customs (such as placing swords in tombstones) and details in the Arthurian legend (such as the Sword in the Stone). However, the obscurity surrounding Castus makes this identification unlikely, as there seems to be little reason for him to have become a major legendary figure. More importantly, Castus and his forces lived hundreds of years before the traditional dates of Arthur's battles, and would have been at best an influence on the growing myth rather than a source. Also, the elements of the Arthurian legends do not all date to the same era. Some details, like the Sword in the Stone itself, may well have been added later in French romances.
The origin of the name Arthur is itself a matter of debate, and is connected to the debates concerning his historicity. Some, like the above, see it as derived from the Latin Artorius “plowman”. However, the 5th to 6th century Welsh art (arth is a later form) means “bear”. Indeed, Gildas calls Arthur “the Bear” in his writings. Thus, theories for the Welsh origin of the name Arthur have been proposed. One has art + ur, “man of the bear” or “bear-man”, thus giving us Artur. Also, the Latin form of Arthur appears as Arturus in the earliest writings, never Artorius.
Toby C. Griffen links the name Arthur to Arcturus, the brightest star in the constellation Boötes, and the third brightest in the night sky. The word Arcturus is in Classical Latin, and would have been Arturus in the Late Latin of the 5th – 6th century. Griffen and others believe that Arthur might not be derived from a Latin original such as Artorius, as proponents of the above theories suspect, but could have been a nom de guerre used by or an epithet bestowed upon the leader who fought against the Saxons.
Griffen goes on to state that the star Arturus was associated with the Great Bear. Its position in the sky, near Ursa Major, led people to call it the “guardian of the bear”, and it was regarded as the leader of the other stars in Boötes. In Welsh, the conveniently similar Artur (or possibly Arturos) meant “bear-man”. If the man we call Arthur used Arturus (and Artur[os]) as his nom de guerre(s), its meaning(s) would have been easily understood by both the Romano-British and native British alike; a stout bear-like defender against the invaders. (See [1])
Graham Phillips and Martin Keatman argue for their variant of the nom de guerre theory in their book, King Arthur: The True Story. For them, the name has two components. The first would be the Welsh art meaning bear, and the second a repetition in Latin, ursus, making the original name "Artursus". They maintain that he would have been one of the Votadini of Gwynedd, possibly Owain Ddantgwyn, King of Rhôs. However,their theory has not gained widespread acceptance.
In any case, the name Artur and its variants was used by at least four leaders who lived after the traditional dates of Arthur’s battles, suggesting to Griffen and others that it was not used as a personal name until “the” Arthur himself did so.
Another theory proposes that the real Arthur was Artur Mac Aidan, a war leader of the Scots and Brythons. By this theory, Artur was predominantly active in the region between the Roman walls — the Gododdin. Artur was never "king" per se, but rather the son of the Scottish king Aidan Mac Gabran, who ruled from about 574 AD. As claims this website ([2]), Artur led a loose coalition of the Christian Celts against their pagan invaders—effectively holding them off for about one hundred more years. This is the solution proposed by Michael Wood. However, Mac Aidan is merely one of the aforementioned four leaders who were probably named after the original Arthur. In modern times, Mac Aidan's name is spelled Artuir.
John Darrah and Arthur Cummins propose a Arthur who lived in the Bronze Age, circa 2300 BC. They argue that pulling a sword from a stone and an anvil is a metaphor for making a sword from ore and hammering it into shape on an anvil. This is disputed by those who say that the Sword in the Stone is an embellishment in the first place.
However, the Arthur of legend may simply be a composite of these and more figures; at least, tales of the real Arthur's exploits may have been confused and merged with that of other war leaders of his time or later.
The late historian John Morris made the alleged reign of Arthur at the turn of the 5th century the organising principle of his history of sub-Roman Britain and Ireland under the rubric The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350–650' (1974), even though he found little to say of a historic Arthur, save as an example of the idea of kingship, one among such contemporaries as Vortigern and Cunedda, Hengest and Coel.
Another school of thought believes that Arthur had no historical existence, explaining that he originally was a half-forgotten Celtic deity that devolved into a personage (citing sometimes a supposed change of the sea-god Lir into King Lear) or a possibly fictive person like Beowulf. Supporters of this theory often link it to the Welsh etymology of Arthur's name as derived from "bear", proposing bear gods named Artos or Artio as the precedent for myth, but these deities are known to have been worshipped by the continental Celts, not the Britons.
[编辑] 亚瑟王的早期传说
亞瑟王首次出現於威爾斯文學。在一留存下來的早期威爾斯詩篇《奧汀神》（ca. AD 594）中，詩人Aneirin (ca. 535-600 AD)寫下其中一個標題為「他餵城牆上的渡鴉，雖然他不是亞瑟（he fed black ravens on the ramparts, although he was no Arthur.）」。但無法斷定這文句是否後來基於現在的詩篇手稿改寫而來。以下Taliesin的詩篇可能寫自差不多的早期：《皇椅 The Chair of the Sovereign》中提到「蒙福的亞瑟（Arthur the Blessed）」；《Preiddeu Annwn》 (《Annwn的寶物》)提到「亞瑟的勇猛（the valour of Arthur）」，並寫到「我們與亞瑟的偉大功業同行（we went with Arthur in his splendid labours）」；以及詩篇《往Deganwy的旅程 Journey to Deganwy》中有「因在Badon的戰役中，盛宴中貢獻最多的亞瑟，所有人都記得他那被戰役染紅的長剣（as at the battle of Badon with Arthur, chief giver of feasts, with his tall blades red from the battle which all men remember.）」
另一個亞瑟的早期參考資料是《Historia Britonum》，由威爾斯僧侶Nennius所寫，乃是早期威爾斯歷史的編纂本，據說寫於830年。在這作品中，亞瑟被寫成「戰役的領導者」多於寫成為一個王。Two separate sources within this compilation list twelve battles that he fought, culminating in the Battle of Mons Badonicus, where he is said to have single-handedly killed 960 men. According to the 10th century Annales Cambriae, Arthur was killed at the Battle of Camlann in AD 537.
Arthur makes appearances in a number of well known vitae ("Lives") of 6th century saints, most of them written at the monastery of Llancarfan in the 12th century. For example, in the Life of Saint Illtud, from internal evidence apparently written around 1140, Arthur is said to be a cousin of that churchman. Many of these appearances portray Arthur as a fierce warrior, and not necessarily as morally impeccable as in later romances. According to the Life of Saint Gildas (died ca. 570 AD), written in the 11th century by Caradoc of Llancarfan, Arthur killed Gildas' brother Hueil, a pirate on the Isle of Man.
In around 1100, Lifris of Llancarfan writes in his Life of Saint Cadoc that Arthur was bettered by Cadoc. Cadoc gave protection to a man who killed three of Arthur's soldiers, and Arthur was awarded a herd of cattle from Cadoc as wergeld for his men. Cadoc delivered them as demanded, but when Arthur took possession of the animals, they were transformed into bundles of ferns. Such episodes serve to portray a holy man besting a worldly leader. Similar incidents are described in the late medieval biographies of Carannog, Padern, Goeznovius, and Efflam.
Arthur also appears in the Welsh tale Culhwch and Olwen, a narrative that is usually associated with the Mabinogion. In that work, Culhwch visits Arthur's court to seek his help in winning the hand of Olwen. Arthur, who is described as his kinsman, agrees to the request and fulfils the demands of Olwen's giant father Ysbaddaden, which includes his hunt for the great boar Twrch Trwyth described at length by the author.
This may be related to legends where Arthur is depicted as the leader of the Wild Hunt, a folk motif that is also recorded in Brittany, France; Galicia, Spain; and Germany. Roger Sherman Loomis has listed a number of these instances (Loomis 1972). Gervase of Tilbury in the 13th century and two 15th century writers assign this role to Arthur. Gervase states that Arthur and his knights regularly hunt along an ancient trackway between Cadbury Castle and Glastonbury (which is still known as King Arthur's Causeway [3]), and that he with his company of riders may be seen by moonlight in the forests of Britain or Brittany or Savoy. Loomis alludes to a Scottish mention in the 16th century, and that many of these beliefs were still current in the 19th century at Cadbury Castle, and in several parts of France.
Later parts of the Trioedd Ynys Prydein, or Welsh Triads, mention Arthur and locate his court in Celliwig in Cornwall. Celliwig was identified by older Cornish antiquaries with Callington, but Rachel Bromwich, the latest editor of the Welsh Triads, matched it to Kelly Rounds, a hill fort in the Cornish parish of Egloshayle.
[编辑] 亚瑟王传奇
The first major popularization of Arthurian legend was Geoffrey of Monmouth's fictional Historia Regum Britanniae, a medieval equivalent of a bestseller that helped draw the attention of other writers, such as Robert Wace and Layamon, who then expanded on the tales of Arthur. The date of the Historia is given as 1133 by a small proportion of experts; however, the date is more normally given as 1138, as the following quote indicates:
- Geoffrey stayed at Oxford at least until 1151 and during this period wrote his two extant works, Historia regum Britanniae (1136–1138; "History of the Kings of Britain") and Vita Merlini (ca. 1148; "The Life of Merlin").
One theory as to why Arthurian legend bloomed in this period proposes that the Norman Conquest of Britain in 1066 stimulated a renewed interest in British history; Edward Gibbon describes this in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire:
- During a period of five hundred years the tradition of his exploits was preserved, and rudely embellished, by the obscure bards of Wales and Armorica (otherwise known as Brittany), who were odious to the Saxons, and unknown to the rest of mankind. The pride and curiosity of the Norman conquerors prompted them to inquire into the ancient history of Britain; they listened with fond credulity to the tale of Arthur, and eagerly applauded the merit of a prince who had triumphed over the Saxons, their common enemies. [Chapter 38, Footnote 138]
Thus, according to Gibbon, the once obscure 500-year-old Welsh legend became more widely known (through the works of the Anglo-Norman poet Wace and others), creating a unified cultural icon under which the Norman rulers and the native Welsh could rally against their common enemy: the Saxons.
One influencing factor may have been that William the Conqueror was one-quarter Breton, and the Bretons had kept alive the legends of King Arthur brought with them when they fled Britain during the Saxon invasions five centuries earlier. Geoffrey of Monmouth was also of Breton stock. The Bretons and other British émigrés had supported William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings, providing a large proportion of the knights in the battle. Since the ethnic British nobility fought against the Saxons at Hastings it was inevitable that their mythology would experience a resurgence when the crown was won.
While many scholars believe that Geoffrey of Monmouth is the source for medieval interest in Arthur, at least one scholar, Roger S. Loomis, has argued that many of the tales surrounding Arthur were independently adapted from Breton oral traditions, spread through the royal and noble courts of Europe by professional storytellers known as jongleurs. The French medieval writer Chrétien de Troyes recounted tales from the Matter of Britain during the mid 12th century, as did Marie de France in her narrative lais. In any case, the later stories told by these two writers and by many others appear to be independent of what Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote.
In these Arthurian romances, which gained popularity in the 12th century, Arthur gathered the Knights of the Round Table (Lancelot, Gawain, Galahad, and others). At his court, most often held at Camelot in the later prose romances, could sometimes be found the wizard Merlin. Arthur's knights engaged in fabulous quests, the quest for the Holy Grail being perhaps the best known. Other stories from the Celtic world came to be associated with Arthur, such as the tale of Tristan and Isolde. In the late prose romances the love affair between Arthur's champion, Sir Lancelot, and the Queen, Guinevere, becomes the central reason for the collapse of the Arthurian realm.
In the romances, Arthur is killed in his last battle, the Battle of Camlann, in which he fought against the forces of Mordred. The Prose Lancelot and the later prose cyclic romances state that Mordred was also a knight of the Round Table and the child of an incestuous union between Arthur and his sister Morgause. In almost all accounts Arthur is said to have been mortally wounded, but to have been taken after the battle to Avalon, where his wounds were healed or his body buried in a chapel. Some texts refer to a return of Arthur in the future.
The Arthurian mythos spread far across the European continent. An image of Arthur and his knights attacking a castle was carved into an archivolt over the north doorway of Modena Cathedral in Italy sometime between 1099 and 1120. The surprising fact that these Italian images seem to have been carved more than a decade before the appearance of Geoffrey's "Historia" indicates how limited is our knowledge of the spread of Arthurian legend in the early Middle Ages. Also in Italy, a mosaic pavement in the cathedral of Otranto, near Bari, was made in 1165 with the unexplained depiction of Arturus Rex bearing a sceptre and riding a goat. 15th century merchants set up an Arthurian hall in his honour in Gdańsk, Poland.
Other medieval retellings of the Arthurian cycle include the works of Gottfried von Strassburg and Wolfram von Eschenbach, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur and Stricker's Daniel von Blumenthal.
In 1191, monks of Glastonbury Abbey announced that they had found the burial site of Arthur and Guinevere. Their grave was shown to many people, and the reputed remains were moved to a new tomb in 1278. The tomb was destroyed during the Reformation, and the bones lost. The antiquary John Leland reports that he saw the cross found with the remains, and transcribed its inscription as
- Hic iacet sepvltvs inclytvs rex artvrivs in insvla avalonia — "Here lies buried the famous King Arthur in the Island of Avalon".
If Leland accurately reproduced the script of this inscription, then it can be dated to the 10th century. At least one scholar has suggested that the cross was added when Arthur's remains were transferred to the abbey. Almost all are skeptical of the discovery, as Glastonbury monks were notorious forgers.
[编辑] 亚瑟王的剑
- Main entry: Excalibur (the sword in the stone) .
In Robert de Boron's Merlin, Arthur obtained the throne by pulling a sword from a stone. In this account, this act could not be performed except by "the true king," meaning the divinely appointed king or true heir of Uther Pendragon. This sword was presumably the famous Excalibur and the identity is made explicit in the later so-called Vulgate Merlin Continuation.
However, in what is sometimes called the Post-Vulgate Merlin, Excalibur was taken from a hand rising from a lake and given to Arthur by the Lady of the Lake sometime after he began to reign. According to many sources, Arthur broke the sword pulled from the stone whilst fighting King Pellinore, and thus Merlin took him to retrieve Excalibur from the lake (as cited in many novels including Howard Pyle's King Arthur and His Knights, King Arthur and the Legend of Camelot, and indeed most modern Arthurian literature). In this Post-Vulgate version, the sword's blade could slice through anything and its sheath made the wearer invincible. Some stories say that Arthur did indeed pull the sword from the stone (Excalibur), giving him the right to be king, but accidentally killed a fellow knight with it and cast it away. Merlin told him to undertake a quest to find another blade, and it was then that Arthur received his sword from the hand in the water, and named it Excalibur, after his original sword. The first appearance of the sword named Caliburn is in Geoffrey of Monmouth, who asserted that in battle against Arthur "nought might armour avail, but that Caliburn would carve their souls from out them with their blood." ([4]).
[编辑] 各种媒体中的亚瑟王
[编辑] 文学
- Attanasio, A. A.: The Dragon and the Unicorn, The Eagle and the Sword, and The Wolf and the Crown.
- Benz, Derek and J.S. Lewis' The Revenge of the Shadow King reveals an alternate history of Arthur who was betrayed and murdered by Mordred for possession of a sacred book which had been passed down father-to-son for thousands of years. In this case, Arthur was betrayed when he refused to pass the book on to his illegitimate son.
- Bradley, Marion Zimmer : The Mists of Avalon is the classic of modern reinterpretations of the Arthurian legend through the point of views of powerful women behind Camelot.
- Bradshaw, Gillian: series Hawk of May, Kingdom of Summer and In Winter's Shadow is an extremely inventive reinterpretation of the legend.
- Brennan, J.H. : GrailQuest gamebooks centre on the kingdom of King Arthur.
- Bryher set her historical novel Ruan in Britain immediately after Arthur's death.
- Chadbourn, Mark : The Age of Misrule and The Dark Age trilogies take a modern twist of Arthurian legend and Celtic mythology, using them as a basis for a dark series of novels set in modern Britain, when the Celtic gods return to take back the land.
- Christian, Catherine , The Pendragon tells the story from a 5th century Sir Bedivere.
- Cooper, Susan : five volume saga, The Dark is Rising.
- Cornwell, Bernard: Warlord Chronicles consist of three novels, Winter King, Enemy of God, and Excalibur, and reintroduce many old characters back into the tale. Told by Derfel after Arthur's death they are very realistic in nature even though they do have Merlin and Lancelot and magic. Well worth a read and the author's notes at the end are enlightening. "There is a sword and there is a stone, but one is not in the other", is Cornwell's own summary. These three books are Bernard Cornwell's personal favourites of all his own works.
- Crossley-Holland, Kevin : The Seeing-Stone, At the Crossing-Places and King of the Middle-March..
- Dragon Lord, Drake, David : somewhat unconventional story involving a "King Arthur" who is more great military general than quasi-enchanted king, takes place shortly after the fall of the Roman Empire and long before the Age of Chivalry.
- Elliot, Janice: The King Awakes a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel for young teens. Arthur awakens and maintains a presence as a sub-plot, leading to a fantastic finale complete with re-born Knights of the Round Table. An interesting re-interpretation of Celtic myth in a post atomic war milleu.
- Gidlow, Christopher: The Reign of Arthur: From History to Legend
- Godwin, Parke: Firelord and Beloved Exile
- The several books by Goodrich, Norma Lorre are very popular, but are based on a poorly received analysis of Arthurian legend and medieval history. She asserts he was a borderlands king whose activity centred around the Roman walls and wall forts. This is so at odds with entrenched beliefs that she is dismissed by many scholars despite some well founded conclusions.
- Hollick, Helen : Pendragon's Banner trilogy.
- Jack, Whyte: The Camulod Chronicles, a series of books containing more historical fiction than fantasy beginning with Roman Britain and leading through Arthur's reign.
- Kay, Guy Gavriel: The Fionavar Tapestry is the continuation of the Camelot story in the framework of a wider epic.
- King, Stephen: The Dark Tower VI: Song of Susannah (2004) reveals that the Spagettie Western/horror/Sci-fi Magnum Opus adventure series Hero, Roland, is one of only two of King Arthurs surviving decendents.
- Knowles, Sir James , The Legends of King Arthur and his Knights
- Lanier, Sidney : The Boy's King Arthur is a work based on Thomas Malory's, written in such a way to appeal to the boys of the 19th century.
- Malory, Sir Thomas : Le Morte d'Arthur
- Masefield, John' cycle of poetry concerning the Arthurian legend.
- Miles, Rosalind' Guenevere Trilogy is a fictional trilogy that follows Guenevere and King Arthur through their reign as High King and Queen
- Persia, Woolley: Child of the Northern Spring, Queen of the Summer Stars, and Guinevere: The Legend in Autumn.
- Powers, Tim ' The Drawing of the Dark depicts an eternal King Arthur reincarnated to participate in the Siege of Vienna.
- Pyle, Howard , King Arthur and His Knights of The Round Table
- Springer, Nancy: I am Mordred and I am Morgan le Fay are two Young Adult novels about the two often misunderstood characters of Camelot.
- Steinbeck, John : The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights is a traditional take in modern language.
- Stephen, Lawhead: The Pendragon Cycle, a more thorough examination of the myths, especially concerning Taliesin, Merlin, Arthur, and the Grail.
- Stewart, Mary Merlin books: The Crystal Cave sets up the background for the Arthurian legend. The Hollow Hills encompasses most of Arthur's lifespan, including his childhood with Merlin as his tutor. The Last Enchantment deals with Merlin's later life, against the continued background of Arthur's rule. A later book, The Wicked Day, was written from the point of view of Mordred in the latter period of Arthur's rule, and provides an interesting counterpoint to the original three novels.
- Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Idylls of the King
- Twain, Mark : A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
- White, T.H. : The Once and Future King cycle
See also: List of books about King Arthur
[编辑] 戏剧
- Laurence Binyon: King Arthur (1923), with music by Edward Elgar
- D. G. Bridson: King Arthur (1937), with music by Benjamin Britten
- J. C. Carr: King Arthur (1895), with music by Arthur Sullivan
- John Arden and Margaretta D'Arcy: The Island of the Mighty (1972)
- Spamalot
[编辑] 歌剧
- Rutland Boughton: The Birth of Arthur (1909), libretto by Reginald Buckley
- Ernest Chausson: Le Roi Arthus (1903)
- Hubert Parry: Guinevere (1886)
- Henry Purcell: King Arthur (1691), libretto by John Dryden
- Richard Wagner: Tristan und Isolde (1865)
[编辑] 电影
- Monty Python's Monty Python and the Holy Grail, a comedic parody of the traditional King Arthur legend. It was later adapted into a successful Broadway musical called Spamalot, which won the Tony Award for Best Musical of the 2004-2005 season.
Graham Chapman (right) as King Arthur with Terry Gilliam in Monty Python and the Holy Grail. - In 1960, a successful Broadway musical called "Camelot" was created by the team responsible for "My Fair Lady", Moss Hart, Alan Jay Lerner, and Frederick Loewe. It starred Richard Burton as Arthur, Julie Andrews as Guinevere, and introduced Robert Goulet as Lancelot. The original cast album of the show was a particular favorite of then-President John F. Kennedy, and the "Camelot" metaphor has been often associated with his presidency. A film based on the musical starring Richard Harris as Arthur, Vanessa Redgrave as Guinevere, and Franco Nero as Lancelot, was made in 1967.
- The Sword in the Stone, a 1963 Disney animated film about Arthur's childhood, loosely adapted from T.H. White's take on the legend.
- John Boorman's 1981 film Excalibur; considered by many to be one of the more faithful modern retellings of the Arthurian legend.
- First Knight, a movie based on the legend, featuring Sean Connery as Arthur, Richard Gere as Lancelot, and Julia Ormond as Lady Guinevere.
- King Arthur, a motion picture released on July 7, 2004, claiming (despite being heavily criticised for its historical inaccuracies) to be more historically accurate about the legend with respect to new archaeological findings; similar in story line to Jack Whyte's books.
See also: List of movies based on Arthurian legend.
[编辑] 电视
- The 1950s British television series The Adventures of Sir Lancelot, although based around the knight's exploits, featured Arthur and many other characters from the legends. This was the first British television series ever to be made in colour.
- The late 1960s Australian animated cartoon series Arthur! and the Square Knights of the Round Table was a typically wacky take on Arthurian legend.
- The 1970s British television series, Arthur of the Britons, starring Oliver Tobias, sought to create a more "realistic" portrait of the period and to explain the origins of some of the myths about the Celtic leader.
- The television movie Merlin showing a tale of Arthur and his knights.
- The animated series The Legend of Prince Valiant followed the adventures of three young warriors training to become Knights of the Round Table. Originally aired in the early 1990s, it featured Arthur, Merlin, Guinevere, and Gawain in its main cast and several other Arthurian characters in recurring roles.
- The animated series Gargoyles featured several tales of Arthur (who was prematurely awakened in a time of need) and the magic and fairies of Avalon. A proposed spin-off for the character never materialized.
- The animated series Justice League and Justice League Unlimited featuring related characters Morgan Le Fay, Mordred, and Merlin.
- The animated series King Arthur and the Knights of Justice premiring in 1992 featured an American Football team called the Knights led by quarterback Arthur King. When the "real" Knights of the Round Table are captured, Merlin magically transports the Knights football team to Camelot to defend the kingdom and rescue the captured knights. The show was cancelled in 1993.
- The 100th episode of the television show Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Once Upon A Future King, featured a young Arthur sent back in time by Merlin to learn from Hercules.
- In Season Nine of the science-fiction television series Stargate SG-1, Arthur and Arthurian legend, particularly Merlin, are intrinsic to the plot of the season; specifically, Merlin is an Ancient who may have taught Arthur how to Ascend at Glastonbury Tor and hid the wealth of the Knights in an elaborate, puzzle-laden chamber.
- King Arthur appears in the Babylon 5 Episode A Late Delivery from Avalon. Babylon 5 influences contains more discussion on the King Arthur myths evident in Babylon 5.
- Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon was made into a miniseries in 2001.
[编辑] 其他媒体
- In 1937, a newspaper comic strip by Hal Foster, Prince Valiant was first published, with the byline "In the Days of King Arthur". Since the death of Foster in 1982, John Cullen Murphy has continued producing this comic strip.
- The DC Comics uses the idea that Artur's Camelot is a recurring piece of history, and ther have been 'several Arthurs', including a pagan general in Roman Britain, and a medieval Christian mystic. The various Arturs were served by various versions of the character Shining Knight.
- The original version of the Marvel Comics character Black Knight was also at Arthur's court.
- The role-playing game Pendragon details how to run adventure games set in the time of the Round Table.
- The concept album The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table (1975) by Rick Wakeman.
- The Doctor Who serial "Battlefield" is based on the Arthurian legends, featuring Mordred and Morgaine, as well as the Doctor as Merlin.
- The webcomic Arthur, King of Time and Space retells the legend in real time, in several settings.
- The comic book Dracula vs King Arthur from Silent Devil Productions takes the Arthur as he begins his quest for the Grail and pits him against a time-crossing Dracula.
- Several comic book titles have explored the "Once and Future King" aspect of the legend by bringing Arthur and his knights back from the dead at the time of Britain's greatest need including Camelot 3000 and Knights of Pendragon. Also Simon Bisley's Treasure of Britain starring Slaine.
- The video game Conquests of Camelot by Sierra Entertainment centres around the quest for the Holy Grail.
- The video game Knights Of The Round by Capcom is a light-hearted take on the Arthurian legend in a sword fighting beat-em-up similar to the video game Final Fight.
- 在一部名为《Fate/stay night》的电子小说(即AVG游戏）中，剧本作者虚构了一个被称作Saber(真名为阿尔托丽亚，TV动画版配音声优为川澄绫子)的少女骑士。在这部作品中，她就是以《亚瑟王》King Arturia的传说为原型进行角色设定的，该游戏拥有三条平行支线剧情，其中“Fate”路线则是以Saber（亚瑟王）为主，因为其不名誉的行为、无法守护国家和人民等无法承受的责任和负罪感，而渴望通过圣杯战争，利用圣杯的魔力，改写历史，回到其拔出石中剑之前，重选另一位能承担重任的王，最后与男主角相爱和并肩战斗后，从过去的迷惘中了走出来，圣杯战争结束后，其英灵重新回到临死前的一刻，把王者之剑（Excalibur，一译作誓约胜利之剑）交由贝伦威尔（Bedivere，TV动画版配音声优为能登麻美子），投回湖中还予仙女，最终以没有改变历史的情况下死在贝伦威尔面前，也与男主角卫宫士郎天人相隔，但阿尔托丽亚的思念和羁绊则永远守护着卫宫，而对卫宫的爱，不但化解了她所背负的怨念，也为了阿尔托丽亚——这位一生注定要割舍凡人特质的亚瑟王，在人生的最后一刻留下了一场宛若庄公梦蝶般的凄美幻梦。虽然游戏以及相关产物，只流行亚洲地区以及全球部分动漫爱好者的圈子中，但“Fate”路线剧情对亚瑟王结局的另类诠释，无疑带有新文学色彩的特质，对于广大亚瑟王以及其传说的爱好者而言，是应该加以肯定的。游戏最初曾以4CD的形式发行过初回版的电脑游戏，并因广受好评而以DVD的形式进行再版，05年开始动画映像化，06年推出PlayStation2游戏机专用的有声配音版本
- The video game 古墓丽影:传奇 by Crystal Dynamics revolves around the King Arthur legend being a striking resemblance of other cultures around the world which pieces of artifacts found forms the Excalibur.
- The board game Shadows over Camelot features King Arthur as one of the main playable characters in the game.
- In the video game Ace Combat Zero: The Belkan War there is a high influence of Arthurian legend
[编辑] 參看
- 亞瑟王傳說
- 王者之劍
- 聖杯傳說
- 阿瓦隆
- List of Arthurian characters
- Mythical British Kings
- Nine Worthies, of which Arthur was one
- Sites and places associated with Arthurian legend
- Asteroids 2597 Arthur and 2598 Merlin, named after the Arthurian figures
- Arthur Tudor, named after Arthur with a hope that he would restore English greatness
[编辑] 参考书目
- 冯象， 玻璃岛：亚瑟与我三千年，生活·读书·新知 三联书店出版(2003) 北京 ISBN 7-108-01780-6
- Leslie Alcock. Arthur's Britain: History and Archaeology AD 367 - 634. Allen Lane, The Penguin Press. London. 1971. ISBN 0713902450
- Richard Barber, King Arthur in Legend and History, Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2004, ISBN 0851152546 [5]
- Rachel Bromwich, "Concepts of Arthur", Studia Celtica, 9/10 (1976), pp.163-81.
- Ronan Coghlan, Encyclopaedia of Arthurian Legends, Element, Shaftesbury, 1991.
- David N. Dumville, "Sub-Roman Britain: History and Legend", History 62 (1977), pp. 173-92.
- Roger S. Loomis, "The Arthurian Legend before 1139", The Romanic Review, 32 (1941), 3-38.
- Roger S. Loomis, editor. Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages. Clarendon Press: Oxford University. 1959. ISBN 0198115881
- Daniel Mersey. Arthur King of the Britons: From Celtic Hero To Cinema Icon. Summersdale. Chichester. 2004. ISBN 1840244038
- John Morris. "The Age of Arthur." New York: Scribner, 1973. SBN 684 13313 X
- Thomas Jones, "The Early Evolution of the Legend of Arthur", Nottingham Medieval Studies, 8 (1964), pp. 3-21.
- Derek Pearsall, Arthurian Romance: a short introduction, Blackwell, Oxford 2005 ISBN 0631233199
[编辑] 外部链接
- Arturius: A Quest for Camelot Summary of war leader theory using evidence in the Annals of Ulster, Annals of Tigernach and Adomnan's Life of Columba.
- Timeless Myths - King Arthur
- A Collection on Britannia.com of brief sketches of personages and writers associated with the legend of King Arthur
- A Guide to King Arthur's Forgotten Realm http://panther.bsc.edu/~arthur A detailed but digestible site containing the research materials and experiences of two college students' experiences while travelling Britain's sites associated with the Aurthurian legend.
- Timelines of British history on Britannia.com
- A site devoted to the history and legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table
- Merrie Haskell's King Arthur Website Has a number of interesting scanned images.
- The h2g2 encyclopedia article on The Medieval Development of Arthurian Literature
- Camelot in Four Colors : A Survey of the Arthurian Legend in Comics [6]
- The Taliesin Foundation: Understanding Celtic tradition in relation to today, in particular the Anglo-Celtic Inheritance of what Winston Churchill called "The English Speaking Peoples", inspired and informed by the mythos of King Arthur, the Round Table, the Quest for the Holy Grail.[7]
- A profile of the Marvel Comics version of him
- Griffen, Toby G. 1994. "Arthur's Name". Written for the Celtic Studies Assiociation of North America.
