ఇండోనేసియా

వికీపీడియా నుండి

ఈ వ్యాసాన్ని పూర్తిగా అనువదించి,తరువాత ఈ మూసను తీసివేయండి

ఇండోనేషియా దేశం మలయ్ ద్వీపసముదాయంలో ఉన్నది. మలయ్ ద్వీపాల సముదాయం ప్రపంచం లోనే అతి పెద్ద ద్వీప సముదాయం, ఇది భారత్-చైనా మరియు ఆస్త్రేలియాల మద్య, ఇండియన్ మరియు ఫసిఫిక్ సముద్రాలలో విస్తరించి ఉంది. ప్రపంచం లోనే ముస్లిం జనాభా అధికంగా ఉన్న దేశం మరియు మొత్తం జనాభా పరంగా నాలుగో స్తానంలో ఉంది. 1965లో అధికారం చేజిక్కించుకున్న జనరల్ సుహార్తో1998లో జరిగిన ప్రజా విప్లవంతో అధికారం కోల్పోవటంతో ఇక్కడ స్వేచ్చా ఎన్నికలు జరుగుతున్నాయి.

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(Flag)	(Coat of Arms)

Motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika
(Old Javanese/Kawi: Unity in Diversity)
National ideology: Pancasila Indonesia

Anthem: Indonesia Raya

Capital Jakarta
6°08′S″106, 45°E′type:city″{{{8}}}

Largest city Jakarta

Official languages Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia / Indonesian Language)

Government

President

Democratic republic
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Independence
- Declared
- Recognised From Netherlands
August 17, 1945
December 27, 1949

Area
• Total
• Water (%) 1,919,440 km² (15th)
4.85%

Population
• 2004 est.
• — census
• Density 238,452,952 (4th)
—
131/km² (—)

GDP (PPP)
• Total
• Per capita 2003 estimate
$758.1 billion (15th)
$3,200 (109th)

Currency Rupiah (IDR)

Time zone
• Summer (DST) various (UTC+7 to +9)
not observed (UTC+7 to +9)

Internet TLD .id

Calling code +62

[మార్చు] చరిత్ర

ముఖ్య వ్యాసం: ఇండోనేసియా చరిత్ర

హిందూ మరియు బౌద్ధ మత ప్రభావాలతో, 7వ శతాబ్దం నుండి 14వ శతాబ్దం వరకు సుమాత్రా మరియు జావా ద్వీపాలలో కొన్ని రాజ్యములు ఏర్పడ్డాయి. తరువాతి కాలాల్లో భారతీయ గుజరాతీ అరబ్బు వర్తకుల రాకతో ద్వీప సముదాయంలో చాలా చోట్ల ఇస్లాం ప్రబలమైన మతంగా అవతరించి, హిందూ మరియు భౌద్ధ రాజ్యముల పతనానికి దారితీసింది.

16వ శతాబ్దంలో యూరోపియన్లు వచ్చి అనేక చిన్న చిన్న రాజ్యాలుండటాన్ని గమనించారు. సుగంధద్రవ్యాల వ్యాపారంలో ఆధిపత్యం చెలాయించే యత్నంలో ఉన్న యూరోపియన్లకు ఈ చిన్న చిన్న రాజ్యాలు దాడులకు అనువుగా కనిపించాయి.

17వ శతాబ్దంలో స్పానిష్ మరియు పోర్చుగీస్ వారిని బయటకు తరిమి, డచ్ వారు మరింత శక్తివంతమైనారు. తిమూర్ ద్వీపం లోని పోర్చుగీస్ తిమూర్ మాత్రం పోర్చుగీస్ వారి వలస రాజ్యం గానే ఉంది. మొదట డచ్ ఈస్ట్ ఇండియా కంపెనిVOC నియంత్రణలోను, తరువాత డచ్ ప్రభుత్వం ఆధ్వర్యంలోను 19వ శతాబ్దం నుండి 2వ ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం వరకు ఇందోనేసియాను డచ్ వారు పరిపాలించారు.

19వ శతాబ్దపు వ్యవసాయ పద్దతి Cultuveerstelsel పేరుతో జావా ద్వీపంలో విశాలమైన వనాలు మరియు నిర్బంద వ్యవసాయం,డచ్ ప్రభుత్వానికి లాభాలు తెచ్చాయి. Under the nineteenth-century Cultuveerstelsel (Cultivation System), large plantations and forced cultivation was established on Java, finally creating the profit for the Netherlands that the VOC was unable to produce. In a more liberal period of colonial rule after 1870 the cultivation system was abolished. After 1901 the Dutch introduced the Ethical Policy, which included limited political reform and increased investment in the colony.

During World War II, with The Netherlands under German occupation, Japan occupied the Dutch colony. Some of the Indonesian elite, and many of the future leaders of the Republic of Indonesia, cooperated with the Japanese occupiers, as they saw them as a welcome change after Dutch rule. In 1945, with the war drawing to a close, Japan sponsored a committee, led by Sukarno, to plan for independence. Sukarno declared independence on 17 August.

In an effort to regain control of their previously occupied colonies, the Allies sent in their armies, together with the Netherlands' Army. Indonesia's war for independence lasted from 1945 until 27 December 1949, when, under heavy international pressure, the Netherlands acknowledged Indonesia's independence. Sukarno became the country's first president, with Mohammad Hatta as the first vice president. See Indonesian National Revolution

The 1950s and 1960s saw Sukarno's government aligning itself first with the emerging non-aligned movement and later with the socialist bloc. The 1960s saw Indonesia in a military confrontation against neighboring Malaysia, and increasing frustration over domestic economic difficulties.

Army general Suharto became president in 1967 with the excuse of securing the country against an alleged Communist coup attempt against a weakening Sukarno. In the aftermath of Suharto's rise, hundreds of thousands people were killed or imprisoned in a backlash against alleged Communist supporters. Suharto's administration is commonly called the New Order era. Suharto invited major foreign investment into the country, which produced substantial, if uneven, economic growth. However, Suharto enriched himself and his family through widespread corruption and he was forced to step down amid massive popular demonstrations and a faltering economy in 1998. See Indonesian 1998 Revolution.

In the period of 1998 to 2001, the country had three presidents: Bacharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. In 2004, the largest one-day election in the world and Indonesia's first direct Presidential election was held and was won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

Parts of northern Sumatra, particularly Aceh, were devastated by a massive earthquake and tsunami on 26 December 2004. See Impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Indonesia.

[మార్చు] Politics

Main article: Politics of Indonesia

The highest legislative body is the Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR, head: Hidayat Nur Wahid) or 'People's Consultative Assembly', consisting of the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR, head: Agung Laksono) or Peoples Representative Council, elected for a five-year term, and the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD, head: Ginandjar Kartasasmita) or Regional Representatives Council. Following elections in 2004, the MPR will become a bicameral parliament, with the creation of the DPD as a new second chamber.

[మార్చు] Provinces

Main article: Provinces of Indonesia

Currently, Indonesia has 33 provinces (of those, 2 are special territories and 1 capital city territory). The provinces are subdivided in districts, which are in turn split up in sub-districts and municipalities. The provinces are:

Bali, Bangka-Belitung, Banten, Bengkulu, Central Java, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, East Java, East Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara, South Sumatra, Gorontalo, Jambi, Lampung, Maluku, North Maluku, North Sulawesi, North Sumatra, Papua (Irian Jaya), Riau, Riau Kepulauan, South East Sulawesi, South Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, West Irian Jaya, West Java, West Kalimantan, West Nusa Tenggara, West Sulawesi, West Sumatra

The special territories (daerah istimewa) are Aceh (or Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam) and Yogyakarta. The capital city territory is Jakarta.

East Timor was a province of Indonesia from its annexation in 1975 until it became an independent nation in 2002.

[మార్చు] Geography

Main article: Geography of Indonesia

Map of Indonesia

Indonesia's 18,108 islands, of which about 6,000 are inhabited, are scattered around the equator, giving the country a tropical climate. The largest populated islands are Java, where about half of the population lives, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Malaysia and Brunei), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea) and Sulawesi. The country borders Malaysia on the island of Borneo (Indonesian: Kalimantan), Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea and East Timor on the island of Timor. In addition to the capital city of Jakarta, principal Indonesian cities of high population include Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, Palembang, and Semarang.

Its location on the edges of tectonic plates means Indonesia is frequently hit by earthquakes and the resulting tsunamis. Indonesia is also rich in volcanoes, the most famous being the now vanished Krakatau (Krakatoa), which was located between Sumatra and Java.

Flora and fauna differ markedly between Kalimantan, Bali, and western islands on the one hand and Sulawesi, Lombok, and islands further to the east on the other hand. This ecological boundary has been called the Wallace line after its discoverer. The line is often given as the boundary between Asia and Australasia, as such making Indonesia a bicontinental country.

[మార్చు] Economy

Main article: Economy of Indonesia

Indonesia's economy suffered greatly in the late 1990s, in part as a result of the financial crisis that struck most of Asia at the time. The economy has stabilized somewhat since then.

The country has extensive natural resources outside of Java, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper and gold. Indonesia is the world's second largest exporter of natural gas, though it has recently become a net importer of crude oil. Major agricultural products include rice, tea, coffee, spices and rubber.

Indonesia's major trading partners are Japan, the United States and the surrounding nations of Singapore, Malaysia and Australia.

However, though rich in natural and human resources, Indonesia still faces massive problems of poverty due mainly to the rampant massive corruption among the government officials.

The central bank of Indonesia is Bank Indonesia [1]

[మార్చు] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Indonesia

Indonesia's population can be roughly divided into two groups. In the west of the country, the people are mostly Malay, while the people of the east are Papuan, with roots in the islands of Melanesia. Many Indonesians identify with a more specific ethnic group that is often linked to language and regional origins; examples of these are Javanese, Sundanese, or Batak.

Islam is Indonesia's main religion, with almost 89%(88.22%) of all Indonesian adhering to it according to the 2000 religious census, making Indonesia the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world. The remainder of the population is Christian (9%), Buddhist (2%), and Hindu (7%).

Prambanan Temple, 10th Century Hindu Temple, in Java, Indonesia

Most Indonesians speak a local language (bahasa daerah) as their first tongue, but the official national language, Indonesian (also called bahasa Indonesia, and closely related to Malay) is almost universally taught in schools and is spoken by nearly every Indonesian.

[మార్చు] Culture

Main article: Culture of Indonesia

Art forms in Indonesia have been influenced by several cultures. The famous Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology.

Also well-known are the Javanese and Balinese wayang kulit shadow theatre shows, displaying several mythological events. Several islands are famous for their batik and ikat cloth.

Silat is a unique martial art originating from the archipelago.