Scottish people

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The neutrality of this article is  disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page.

This article is  about the Scottish as an  ethnic group. For information about residents or  nationals of Scotland, see Demographics of Scotland.

Scots
Robert I of Scotland • Alexander Graham Bell • Sean Connery • Robert Burns
Total population	30 - 40 million (est.)[1]
Regions with significant populations	Scotland: 4,459,071[2] United States:    5,752,571 Scottish and    5,323,888 (Though some estimates believe both to be a serious under count with Scots Irish at 27 million) Scots-Irish [3][7] Canada: 4,157,210 [4] England: 795,000 (est.) Australia: 540,046 [5]
Language	Scottish Gaelic, Scots, English
Religion	Christianity (Presbyterianism, Roman Catholicism, Episcopalianism) Other, None
Related ethnic groups	Irish, Manx, English, Cornish, Welsh, Bretons, Icelanders [8], Faroese, Norwegians

The Scottish People are  a nation^[6] and  an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. As an  ethnic group, Scots are  a composition of races and  ethnic groups such as Picts, Gaels, Brythons and  others. In modern use, "Scottish people" refers to anyone born or  living in Scotland; or  a person who is  descended from ethnic Scots and  identifies as a Scottish person. Synonyms for the Scottish people include Scots and  Scotch (Although Scottish people do not like being called Scotch people). While the words "Scots"^[7] and  "Caledonia"^[8] were originally used to describe one tribe or  nation within Scotland, the terms are  now used to describe all Scottish people.

There are  Scottish people in many countries other than Scotland. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the highland clearances and  the formation of the British Empire, has resulted in Scottish people being found throughout the world. Large populations of Scottish people settled the new world lands of North and  South America and  Australia. They took with them their Scottish languages and  culture.^[9]

Scotland has seen migration and  settlement of peoples throughout its history. Germanic people such as Angles and  Saxons arrived beginning in the 4th century; The Norse settled many regions of Scotland from the 8th century onwards; Even the Scots-Gaels, who gave their name to Scotland, and  the Picts are  referred to in some histories^[10] as being migrants to Scotland. In the middle ages, particularly in the rein of David I of Scotland, there was also some immigration form France, England and  the Low Countries. Many famous Scottish families names — including the Bruce, Balliol, Murray, Stewart and  Wallace — came to Scotland at this time. Within the 19th, 20th and  21st centuries, people of various origins have  settled in Scotland. Many immigrant communities have  integrated into Scottish society. Elements of modern Scottish culture, such as Fish and  Chips,^[11] may be foreign in origin. However, racism does occur and  continues to be a problem.^[12]

[edit] Etymology

The word Scotia was used by the Romans as the name of one of the tribes in what is  now Scotland as early as the 1st Century AD.^[13] The Romans also used Scotia to refer to the Irish.^[14]

The Venerable Bede (c. 672 or  673 – May 27, 735) uses the word "Scottorum" as the name of a nation from Ireland who settled part of the Pictish lands. "Scottorum nationem in Pictorum parte recipit." This we can infer to be the arrival of the people, also know as the Gaels, in the Kingdom of Dál Riata, in the Western edge of Scotland. it  is of note that Bede used the word "nationem" (nation) for the Scots, where he often refers to other peoples, such as the Picts, with the word "gens" (race).^[15]

In the 10th century Anglo Saxon Chronicle, the word Scot is  mentioned as a reference to the 'Land of the Gaels'. Word Scottorum was again  used, by an  Irish King, in 1005. The phrase Imperator Scottorum, was used after the name of Brian Bóruma, by his notary Mael Suthain, in the Book of Armagh.^[16] it  is thought to imply that Brian Bóruma was overlord of the Scots.

The style was subsequently copied by the Scottish kings. Basileus Scottorum is  attributed to the great seal of King Edgar (1074 – 1107).^[17] Alexander I (c. 1078 – 1124) used the words Rex Scottorum on his great seal; So to did many of his successors up to and  including James II.^[18].

In modern times the words Scot and  Scottish are  applied mainly to inhabitants of Scotland. The ancient Irish connotations are  largely forgotten. The language know as Ulster Scots, spoken in parts of North East Ireland, is  from 17th and  18th century immigration to Ireland from Scotland.

In the English language the word Scotch is  a term to describe someone from Scotland e.g "Jimmy is  Scotch". However, the people of Scotland prefer to be called Scots and  may in fact find the term offensive ^[19]. The Oxford Dictionary describes Scotch as an  old-fashioned term for Scottish.^[20]

[edit] The indigenous ethnic groups of Scotland

The indigenous people of present day Scotland are  mainly descended from five named early medieval ethnic/cultural groups: the Celtic-speaking Britons, Picts (non-Celtic languages may also have  been in use by the Picts ^[21]) and  the Gaels who arrived in the west from Ireland beginning in the 4th century, and  two Germanic peoples, the Angles of Northumbria in south-eastern Scotland, and  the Norse (mainly from Norway) in the north and  west, who settled during the following centuries. The Gaels brought their Gaelic language from Ireland and  it subsequently spread throughout nearly the whole of Scotland by the 9th century^{[citation needed]}. In this period their English and  French neighbours gave the territory the name "Scotland", i.e. "land of the Gaels". Not all of medieval Scotland was Gaelic speaking though, south-east of the Firth of Forth in Lothian and  the Borders a northern variety of Middle English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken. Eastern Caithness and  the Northern Isles were Norn speaking. However, from 1200 to 1500 Early Scots spread across the lowland parts of Scotland between Galloway and  the Highland line. From 1500 until recent years, Scotland was divided by language into two groups of people, commonly the Gaelic-speaking "Highlanders" and  the Scots, latterly English speaking "Lowlanders". Today, immigrants have  brought other languages, but almost every adult in modern Scotland is  fluent in the English language, and  the concept of "Highlander" and  "Lowlander" may be a rather a meaningless anachronism applied only to historical topics.

Genetic research has demonstrated that, in the Scots populations sampled, the R1b marker is  common. R1b averages 75% in Scotland. This marker is  also common in most populations of Western Europe reaching highest frequencies in the west of Ireland and  in the Basque Country of northern Spain and  southern France. ^{[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]}

In fact, in two recently published books, Blood of the Isles, by Brian Sykes and  Origins of Britons, By Stephen Oppenheimer, both authors state that according to genetic evidence, most Scots and  most Britons descend from the Iberian Peninsula, as a result of different migrations that took place during the Mesolithic and  the Neolithic and  which laid the foundations for the present-day populations in the British Isles, indicating an  ancient relationship among the populations of Atlantic Europe.

[edit] Geographic distribution

Further information: Highland Clearances, Lowland Clearances and  Ulster-Scots

Areas with greatest proportion of reported Scottish ancestry

Today, Scotland has a population of just over five million people, the majority of whom consider themselves Scottish.^[29] In addition, there are  many more  Scots abroad than in Scotland. In the 2000 Census, 4.8 million Americans reported Scottish ancestry,^[30] 1.7% of the total US population. Given Scotland's population (just over 5 million), there are  almost as many Scottish Americans as there are  native Scots living in their home country. Another 4.3 million reported Scotch-Irish ancestry, for a total of 9.2 million Americans of Scots descent.^[3] However this number is  believed to be a serious under-count, seeing as areas where people reported 'American' ancestry were the places where, historically, Scottish and  Scots-Irish Protestants settled in America (that is: along the North-American coast and  the Southeastern United States). it  is believed the number of Scottish could be in the region of 20 million and  Scots-Irish at 27 million.

In Canada, according to the 2001 Census of Canada data, the Scottish-Canadian community accounts for 4,157,210 people.^[4] Scottish-Canadians are  the 3rd biggest ethnic group in Canada. Scottish culture has particularly thrived in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland"). Also the home of the  and  Crafts">Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and  Crafts, both Lowland and  Highland Scots have  settled there in large numbers.

Large populations of Scottish people also exist Ireland, especially Ulster where they from the Ulster-Scots community. Other United Kingdom and  European countries have  had their share of Scots immigrants. Wales and  England are  estimated to have  700,000 people of Scottish decent. The Scots have  been emigrating to mainland Europe for centuries as merchants and  soldiers.^[31] Many emigrated to France, Poland^[32] Italy and  Holland.^[33]

Scottish communities also exist in Australia (500,000 people) and  New Zealand. In Latin America there are  notable Scottish populations in Brazil, Argentina,^[34] Chile^[35] and  Mexico.

[edit] Culture

[edit] Language

Main article: Language in Scotland

Historically, Scottish people have  spoken many different languages and  dialects. The Pictish language, Norse, Norman-French and  Brythonic languages have  been spoken by descendants of Scottish people. However, none of these are  in use today. The remaining three major languages of the Scottish people are  Scots, English (various dialects), and  Gaelic. Of these three, English is  the most common form as a first language. There are  some other minority languages of the Scottish people, such as Spanish, used by the population of Scots in Argentina. However, it  is beyond the scope of this article to list every one comprehensively.

[edit] Scots Language

Main article: Scots language

See also: Ulster Scots language

Scots, also known as Lallans or  Doric, is  a language of Germanic origin. it  has its roots in Northern Middle English. After the wars of independence, the English used by Scots speakers evolved in a different direction to that of Modern English English. Since 1424, this language, known to its speakers as Inglis, was used by the Scottish Parliament in its statutes.^[36] By the middle of the 15th century, the language's name had changed from Inglis to Scottis. The reformation, from 1560 onwards, saw the beginning of a decline in the use of Scots forms. With the establishment of the Protestant Presbyterian religion, and  lacking a Scots translation of the bible, they used the Geneva Edition.^[37] From that point on; God spoke English, not Scots.^[38] Scots continued to be used in official legal and  court documents throughout the 18th century. However, due to the adoption of the southern standard by officialdom and  the Education system the use of written Scots declined. Scots is  still a popular spoken language with over 1.5 million Scots speakers in Scotland.^[39] The Scots language is  used by about 30,000 Ulster Scots^[40] and  is known in official circles as Ullans. In 1993, Ulster Scots was recognised, along with Scots, as a variety of the Scots language by the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages.^[41]

[edit] Scottish English

Main article: Scottish English

After the Union of Crowns in 1603, the Scottish Court moved with James VI & I to London and  English vocabulary began to be used by the Scottish upper classes.^[36] With the introduction of the printing press, spellings became standardised. Scottish English, a Scottish variation of southern English English, began to replace the Scots Language. Scottish English soon became the dominant language. By the end of the 17th century, Scots Language had practically ceased to exist, at least in literary form.^[42] While Scots remained a common spoken language, the southern Scottish English dialect was the preferred language for publications from the 18th century to the present day.

[edit] Scottish Gaelic

Main article: Scottish Gaelic language

See also: Canadian Gaelic

 and  Scottish Gaelic are  used on bilingual road signs throughout Scotland, such as this one, seen in village of Mallaig."> and  Scottish Gaelic are  used on bilingual road signs throughout Scotland, such as this one, seen in village of Mallaig." width="200" height="256" longdesc="../../../m/a/l/Image%7EMallaig_sign.jpg_0150.html" />

Scottish English and  Scottish Gaelic are  used on bilingual road signs throughout Scotland, such as this one, seen in village of Mallaig.

Scottish Gaelic is  a Celtic language with similarities to Irish Gaelic. it  was originally spoken by the Gaels in Western Scotland and  Islands. The language was latter adopted by the Pictish people of the North and  west of Scotland making Scottish Gaelic the de facto language of the whole Highland area. When the areas south of the Firths of Forth and  Clyde were absorbed into Scotland in the 11th century, the language and  customs of the Angles people were preserved by the King. This formed the division of Scotland into the Gaelic, Irish or  Erse speaking north and  Inglis or  Scottis speaking south. Gaelic continued to be spoken widely through the Highlands until the 19th century. The highland clearances and  the Education (Scotland) Act 1872, which actively discouraged the use of Gaelic in schools, caused the numbers of Gaelic speakers to fall.^[43] Many Gaelic speakers emigrated to counties such as Canada or  moved to the industrial cities of lowland Scotland. Communities where the language is  still spoken naively are  restricted to the west coast of Scotland; and  especially the Hebrides. However, large proportions of Gaelic speakers also live in the cities of Glasgow and  Edinburgh in Scotland. The 2001 UK Census showed a total of 58,652 Gaelic speakers in Scotland. Outside Scotland, there are  communities of Scottish Gaelic speakers such as the Canadian Gaelic community; though their numbers have  also been declining rapidly. The Gaelic language is  recognised as a Minority language by the European Union. The Scottish parliament is  also seeking to increase the use of Gaelic in Scotland through the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005. Gaelic is  now used as a first language in some Schools and  is prominently seen in use on dual language road signs throughout Scotland. it  is recognised as an  official language of Scotland with 'equal respect' to English.

[edit] literature

Main article: Scottish literature

[edit] Scottish Chaucerians (aka. Makar)

[edit] Religion

Main article: Religion in Scotland

Saint Ninian (c. 360 - 432), is  credited with bringing Christianity to Scotland. He was born in the Roman province of Valentia which is  either modern day Galloway or  Cumberland. At about the age of twenty, he went to Rome to study theology.^[44] He stayed there for fifteen years and  was ordained as a Bishop by Damasus around the end of the 4th century. He was sent back to preach to his native people. He built his church in the Roman province of Valentia in the town of Leucapia, now called Whitehorn in Galloway, Scotland. The local tribe was called the Novantes. He constructed the first church in Britain to be made of stone. He named the church Candida Case, which means white house. He traveled throughout Scotland, and  converted the Picts (aka Caledonians) to Christianity.^[45]

In the year 431, Saint Palladius was sent by Pope Celestine I to be Primus Episcopus — First Bishop to the Scots believing in Christ.^[44] At this time, "the Scots" referred to the Gaels of Western Scotland and  Ireland. Palladius's work is  not well recorded and  is often confused with Saint Patrick. Some time between 457 and  461, Palladius died. He is  thought to have  been laid to rest at a place called Forgund or  Fordun in the village of Auchenblae in the Mearns district of Scotland.^[46]

Saint Patrick (385 - 17th March 493), born in Kirkpatrick near Dumbarton, Scotland, he was captured by pirates and  sold into slavery in Ireland. He eventually left Ireland to study Christianity on the continent. He spent about thirty five years there before being consecrated by Celestine, Bishop of Rome in 432. He returned to Ireland to preach and  made significant impression there, becoming the patron Saint of Ireland.

In the year 563, Saint Columba (7 December 521 - 9 June 597) with twelve companions. He founded a church on the small island of Iona. This became the central hub of Christianity in Scotland.

St Margret was instrumental in moving the Scottish Church closer to Rome. Throughout the middle ages, Scotland remained Roman Catholic.

Lutheran ideas were introduced to Scotland in the 16th century. Although they were initially suppressed and  outlawed by the state, Protestant Presbyterianism became popular. This was the Scottish Reformation. Bolstered by reformers such as John Knox, the Presbyterians became the established church in Scotland with an  act of 1560.

Religious ideology was to be a driving force throughout the 17th century. The British civil wars started with the congregation of St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, rioting over the introduction of the Common book of prayer. The Covenanters were to play an  important role in the wars and  in the later reinstatement of Charles II. Though Charles then turned to persecutor trying to stamp out the Covenanters. Many of the Covenanters emigrated to the new lands of America and  Canada that were just then opening up.

The 18th century would again  see religion of the Scottish people used in war, throughout the Jacobite uprisings of 1715 and  1745. While common modern perception was of a war between Scots and  English people, it  was more  accurately between Protestants and  Catholics. The Protestant Scots standing with the Protestant Hanoverian King's red coats while the Catholic, and  mainly highland, Scots stood with the Catholic Jacobite pretenders.

The modern people of Scotland remain a mix of different religions. The Protestant and  Catholic divisions still remain in the society. With immigration of new people to Scotland, come new religions. Scotland has populations of Jews, Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists and  many other faiths.

[edit] Folklore

Main article: Scottish folklore

[edit] Art

[edit] Sport

Main article: Sport in Scotland

[edit] Cuisine

Main article: Scottish cuisine

[edit] Clans

Main article: Scottish clan

See also: Tartan and Kilt

[edit] Anglicisation

Main article: Anglicisation

Many Scottish surnames have  become "Anglicised" (made to sound English) over the centuries. Davis, Bruce (originally Brus), Campbell, Salmond, Marshall, Christie, and  Joy are  just a few of many examples. This reflected the gradual spread of English, also known as Early Scots, from around the 13th Century onwards, through Scotland beyond its traditional area in the Lothians. it  also reflected some deliberate political attempts to promote the English language in the outlying regions of Scotland, including following the Union of the Crowns, and  then the Act of Union of 1707 and  the subsequent defeat of rebellions.

However many Scottish surnames have  remained predominantly Gaelic albeit written according to English orthographic practice (as with Irish surnames). Thus MacAoidh in Gaelic is  Mackay in English, and  MacGill-Eain in Gaelic is  MacLean, O'Maolagan is  Milligan and  so on. Mac (sometimes Mc) is  common as it  once meant (son of). MacDonald, McAuley, Balliol, Gilmore, Gilmour, MacKinley, MacKintosh, MacKenzie, MacNiell, MacRyan, MacPhearson, MacLear, McDonald, McKenzie, MacAra, MacNamara, MacManus, Lauder, Menzies, Galloway and  Duncan, are  just a few of many examples of traditional Scottish surnames. There are  of course, also the many surnames, like Wallace and  Morton, stemming from parts of Scotland which were settled by peoples other than the (Gaelic) Scots, and  the most common surnames in Scotland are  Smith and  Brown![9]

In 1603, the English and  Scottish Crowns united under King James VI of Scotland (King James I of England). The border clans were banished to England, Northern Scotland, and  Ireland^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Institutions

[edit] Notable people

[edit] Classification

See also: Scottish American, Scottish-Canadian, Ulster-Scots, Irish-Scots, and Italian-Scots

[edit] See also

• Alba
• Caledonia
• Gaels
• Italian-Scots
• List of Scots
• Redlegs
• Scots-Irish
• Scots-Quebecer
• Scottish American
• Scottish national identity

[edit] Notes

1. ^ [1]The Ancestral Scotland website states the following : Scotland is  a land of five million people. A proud people, passionate about their country and  her rich, noble heritage. For every single Scot in their native land, there are  thought to be at least five more  overseas who can claim Scottish ancestry - that's many, many millions spread throughout the globe. (30 million)
2. ^ UK Census 2001 (follow links on page for Scottish and  Northern Irish data) collected data on country of birth but not on self-selected ancestry or  ethnic origin as with the US, Australian and  Canadian censuses. The Office of the Chief Statistician produced a summary (pdf) of "ethnicity" results for Scotland, only, which shows that some 4,459,071 persons supplied "White Scottish" in answer to the question "What is  your ethnic group ?" One choice, only, was permitted from among the supplied responses.
3. ^ ^{a b} The US Census 2000. The [2] American Community Survey 2004 by the US Census Bureau estimates 5,752,571 people claiming Scottish ancestry and  5,323,888 people claiming Scotch-Irish ancestry.
4. ^ ^{a b} Canadian Census 2001
5. ^ Australian Census 2001
6. ^ "That I am  not exaggerating in calling the Scottish people a great nation must be evident to anyone..."Bulloch (1902). Scottish Notes and  Queries. D. Wyllie and  son [etc.], Page 40. and  also "The Scottish people are  a nation" from Shore, Marlene Gay (Feb 1st, 2002). The Contested Past. University of Toronto Press, page 105. ISBN 0-8020-8133-9.
7. ^ The Venerable Bede used a Latin form of the word Scots as the name of the Gaels of Dál Riata. Reference: Roger Collins, Judith McClure, Beda el Venerable, Bede (1999). The Ecclesiastical History of the English People: The Greater Chronicle ; Bede's Letter to Egbert. Oxford University Press, Page 386. ISBN 0-19-283866-0.
8. ^ Used by Tacitus to describe the Picts north of the Grampians. Reference: Anthony Richard (TRN) Birley, Cornelius Tacitus, Cayo Cornelio Tácito. Agricola and  Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283300-6.
9. ^ Landsman, Ned C. (1 Oct 2001). Nation and  Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and  the Americas, 1600-1800. Bucknell University Press. ISBN 0-8387-5488-0.
10. ^ The Venerable Bede tells of the Scotti coming from Spain via Ireland and  the Picts coming from Scythia. Ref: Harris, Stephen J. (1st Oct 2003). Race and  Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature. Routledge (UK), Page 72. ISBN 0-415-96872-0.
11. ^ Murdoch, Brian (EDT), William Kidd (3rd Aug 2004). Memory and  Memorials: The Commemorative Century. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. ISBN 0-7546-0735-6.
12. ^ Mooney, Gerry, Gill Scott (1st Jun 2005). Exploring Social Policy In The 'new' Scotland. The Policy Press. ISBN 1-86134-594-1.
13. ^ Low, Alexander (1826). The history of Scotland ... to the middle of the ninth century, Page 28.
14. ^ Lehane, Brendan (Jan 26th, 2000). The Quest of Three Abbots: the golden age of Celtic Christianity. SteinerBooks, Page 121. ISBN 0-940262-65-7.
15. ^ Harris, Stephen J. (Oct 1, 2003). Race and  Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature. Routledge (UK), Page 72. ISBN 0-415-96872-0.
16. ^ Martin, F. X. (Francis Xavier), T. W. (Theodore William) Moody, F. J. (Francis John) Byrne (Aug 1, 1976). New History of Ireland. Oxford University Press, Page 862. ISBN 0-19-821737-4.
17. ^ Freer, Allan (1871). The North British Review. Edmonston & Douglas, Page 119. and  Robertson, Eben William (1862). Scotland Under Her Early Kings: a history of the kingdom to the close of the thirteenth century. Edmonston and  Douglas, Page 286.
18. ^ Greenway, D. E. (EDT), E. B. (Edmund Boleslaw) Fryde (Jun 1, 1996). Handbook of British Chronology. Cambridge University Press, Page 55. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
19. ^ The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language Scotch usage note, Encarta Dictionary usage note.
20. ^ Oxford Dictionary Definition of Scotch
21. ^ Jackson, "The Language of the Picts", discussed by Forsyth, Language in Pictland.
22. ^ 1
23. ^ 2
24. ^ 3
25. ^ 4
26. ^ 5
27. ^ 6
28. ^ 7
29. ^ Office of the Chief Statistician (2004-02-09). Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report. Retrieved on 2006-08-18. One choice, only, was permitted from among the supplied responses and  it should be noted that the numbers do not accurately reflect ethnic origin since "White Scottish" may mean anyone who is  merely "White" and  considers themselves Scottish.
30. ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on
31. ^ See David Armitage, "The Scottish Diaspora", particularly pp. 272–278, in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-820615-1
32. ^ [3]
33. ^ [4]
34. ^ [5]
35. ^ [6]
36. ^ ^{a b} Crystal, David (Aug 25th, 2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53033-4.
37. ^ MacMahon, April M. S., McMahon (Apr 13, 2000). Lexical Phonology and  the History of English. Cambridge University Press, Page 142. ISBN 0-521-47280-6.
38. ^ Murphy, Michael (EDT), Harry White (1st Oct 2001). Musical Constructions of Nationalism. Cork University Press, Page 216. ISBN 1-85918-322-0.
39. ^ The General Register Office for Scotland (1996)
40. ^ Northern Ireland Life and  Times Survey, 1999
41. ^ Wolff, Stefan, Jorg (EDT) Neuheiser (Jan 1st, 2002). Peace at Last?: The Impact of the Good Friday Agreement on Northern Ireland. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-658-5.
42. ^ Barber, Charles Laurence (Aug 1st, 2000). The English Language: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge University Press, Page 147. ISBN 0-521-78570-7.
43. ^ Pagoeta, Mikel Morris (2001). Europe Phrasebook. Lonely Planet, Page 416. ISBN 1-86450-224-X.
44. ^ ^{a b} Caswall, Henry (1853). Scotland and  the Scottish Church. J. H. Parker, Page 10.
45. ^ Marshall, John (1859). A history of Scottish ecclesiastical and  civil affairs, from the introduction of Christianity. Unknown, Page 49 to 51.
46. ^ Low, The Rev. Alexander (1826). The history of Scotland ... to the middle of the ninth century. Bell and  Bradfute, Edinburgh, Page 59.

[10]"Some estimates put the figure as high as 40 million. Whichever, we are  talking about a lot of people – a lot more  than the 5.1 million people who actually live in Scotland today"

[edit] References

• Ritchie, A. & Breeze, D.J. Invaders of Scotland HMSO. (?1991) ISBN 0-11-494136-X
• David Armitage, "The Scottish Diaspora" in Jenny Wormald (ed.), Scotland: A History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-820615-1
• Scotchirish.net: "Pioneers". http://www.scotchirish.net/The%20Pioneers.php4

[edit] External links

• Origins of Britons