नेपा:
विकिपिडिया नं
| म्ये: राष्ट्रीय गान (राष्ट्रीय म्ये) | |
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| राजधानी | ञे |
| तधंगु सहर | ञे |
| औपचारिक भाय | खें भाय् |
| सरकार | अस्थायी सरकार |
| - नेपा:याम्ह जुजु | ज्ञानेन्द्र |
| - प्रधान मन्त्री | गिरिजाप्रसाद कोइराला |
| Unification | 1768-12-21 |
| क्षेत्रफल | |
| - फुकं | 147,181 sq.km किमि² (94th) |
| (56,827 वर्ग माइल) | |
| - लयागु प्रतिशत (%) | 2.8 |
| जनसंख्या | |
| - July 2005 एस्टिमेटेड | 27,133,000 (42nd) |
| - 2002 सेन्सस् | 23,151,423 |
| - जनघनत्व | 196/किमि² (56th) (508/वर्ग माइल) |
| कुल ग्राहस्थ उत्पादन (पि पि पि) | 2005 एस्टिमेट |
| - फुकं | $42.17 billion (81st) |
| - प्रति छ्यं | $1,675 (152nd) |
| मुद्रा | रुपी (NPR) |
| ई क्षेत्र | NPT (UTC+5:45) |
| - वर्खा (DST) | not observed (UTC+5:45) |
| इन्टरनेट TLD | .np |
| कलिंग कोड | +977 |
नेपाल (Nepal) दक्षिण एसियायागु छ्गु दे ख:| नेपाल चीन व भारतया दथुई ला:| थ्व देय् ८० प्रतिशत स्वया अप्व मनुत हिन्दू धर्म माने या:| छगु मध्यम आकारयागु देयात मल्वेगु कथलं थनयागु भौगोलिक विभिधताय् सिक्क हे तम्हि जु| थ्व देयागु राजधानी ञे ख: धासा मेमेगु तधंगु सहरत: यल, ख्वप:, बिराटनगर, वीरगञ्ज, पोखरा, भोंत आदि ख:|
Contents |
[edit] ईतिहास
नेपाल खंग्वया आतक्क सिगु दक्ले न्हापांगु छ्येलेज्या कौटिल्य अर्थशास्त्रम् य् जुगु दु| व सफुयागु निगु अधिकरण (अध्यक्षप्रचार)या प्रकरण २७ अध्याय ११ (कोषप्रवेश्यरत्नपरिक्षा)ले "अष्टप्लोतिसङ्घा कृष्णा भिङ्गिसी वर्षवारणम्, अपसारक इति नैपालकम्|" धका च्वया तगु दु|
न्हुपाषाण ज्याब्वतेगु प्रमाणया कथलं नेपाले ९०००दंन्ह्य हे मनुयागु बस्ती न्ह्येथनेधुंगु खं खने दु| मनुत (संदे-बर्मेली मूलयागु मनुत: जुइफुगु) नेपा: देय् थ्यंमथ्यं २५००दं न्ह्य हे थन च्वना वे धुंकुगु खं खने दु| भारोपेली आर्यत नेपा: स्वनिगले थ्यंमथ्यं १५०० बी सी य् वगु खने दु| १००० बी सी नापंनापं ची धंगु दे व खल: कथंयागु गणराज्यतेगु उत्पत्ति जुल| अन्यागु गणराज्यय् छगु शाक्य गणराज्ययागु राजकुमार सिद्धार्थ शाक्य (५६३-४८३ बीसी) थगु राज्य त्वता लिपा बुद्ध जुया बिज्याल|
By 250 BCE, the region came under the influence of the Mauryan empire of northern India, and later became a puppet state under the Gupta Dynasty in the 4th century CE. From the late 5th century CE, rulers called the Licchavis governed the area. The Licchavi dynasty went into decline in the late 8th century and was followed by a Newari era, from 879, although the extent of their control over the entire country is uncertain. By late 11th century, southern Nepal came under the influence of the Chalukaya Empire of southern India. Under the Chalukayas, Nepal's religious establishment changed as the kings patronised Hinduism instead of the prevailing Buddhism.
By the early 12th century, leaders were emerging whose names ended with the Sanskrit suffix malla ("wrestler"). Initially their reign was marked by upheaval, but the kings consolidated their power over the next 200 years. By late 14th century much of the country began to come under a unified rule. This unity was short-lived: in 1482 the kingdom was carved into three -- Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhadgaon -- which had petty rivalry for centuries.
In 1765 the Gorkha ruler Prithvi Narayan Shah set out to unify the kingdoms, after first seeking arms and aid from India and buying the neutrality of bordering Indian kingdoms. After several bloody battles and sieges, he managed to unify Nepal three years later. This marked the birth of the modern nation of Nepal. A dispute and subsequent war with Tibet over control of mountain passes forced Nepal to retreat and pay heavy repatriations. Rivalry with the British East India Company over the annexation of minor states bordering Nepal eventually led to the brief but bloody Anglo-Nepalese War (1815–16), in which Nepal defended its present day borders but lost its territories west of the Kali River, including present day Uttaranchal state and several Punjab Hill States of present day Himachal Pradesh. The Treaty of Sugauli also ceded parts of the Terai and Sikkim to the Company in exchange for Nepalese autonomy.
Factionalism among the royal family led to instability after the war. In 1846, a discovered plot to overthrow Jang Bahadur, a fast-rising military leader by the reigning queen, led to the Kot Massacre. Armed clashes between military personnel and administrators loyal to the queen led to the execution of several hundred princes and chieftains around the country. Bahadur won and founded the Rana lineage. The king was made a titular figure, and the post of Prime Minister was made powerful and hereditary. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British, and assisted the British during the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, and later in both World Wars. In 1923 the United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed an agreement of friendship, in which Nepal's independence was recognised by the UK.
In the late 1940s, emerging pro-democracy movements and political parties in Nepal were critical of the Rana autocracy. Meanwhile, China annexed Tibet in 1950, making India keen on stability in Nepal, to avoid an expansive military. Thus India sponsored Tribhuvan as Nepal's new king in 1951, and a new government, mostly comprising the Nepali Congress Party. After years of power wrangling between the king and the government, the democratic experiment was dissolved in 1959, and a "partyless" panchayat system was made to govern Nepal. In 1989, the "Jan Andolan" (People's) Movement forced the monarchy to accept constitutional reforms and establish a multiparty parliament in May 1991. Nepali Congress Party wins first democratic elections. Girija Prasad Koirala becomes prime minister.
[edit] भूगोल
Nepal is of roughly rectangular shape, 650 km wide and 200 km broad, with an area of 147,181 km². Nepal is commonly divided into three physiographic areas: the Mountain, Hill, and Terai Regions. These ecological belts run east-west and are bisected by Nepal's major river systems.
The Terai Plains bordering India are part of the northern rim of the Indo-Gangetic plains. They were formed and are fed by three major rivers: the Kosi, the Narayani (India's Gandak River), and the Karnali. This region has a hot, humid climate.
The Hill Region (Pahar in Nepali) abuts the mountains and varies from 1,000 to 4,000 m in altitude. Two low mountain ranges, the Mahabharat Lekh and Shiwalik Range (also called the Churia Range) dominate the region. The hilly belt includes the Kathmandu Valley, the country's most fertile and urbanised area. Despite its geographical isolation and limited economic potential, the region always has been the political and cultural centre of Nepal. Unlike the valleys, elevations above 2,500 m are sparsely populated.
The Mountain Region contains the highest region in the world. The world's highest mountain, Mount Everest (Sagarmatha in Nepali) at 8,850 m is located on the border with Tibet. Eight of the world's ten highest mountains are located in Nepal. Kanchenjunga, the world's third highest peak, is also located on its eastern border with Sikkim. Deforestation is a major problem in all regions, with resulting erosion and degradation of ecosystems.
Nepal has five climatic zones, broadly corresponding to altitude. The tropical and subtropical zones lie below 1,200 m, the temperate zone 1,200 to 2,400 m, the cold zone 2,400 to 3,600 m, the subarctic zone 3,600 to 4,400 m, and the arctic zone above 4,400 m. Nepal experiences five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring. The Himalaya blocks cold winds from Central Asia in winter, and forms the northern limit of the monsoon wind patterns.
Although Nepal shares no boundary with Bangladesh, the two countries are separated by a narrow strip of land about 21 km wide, called the Chicken's Neck. Efforts are underway to make this area a free-trade zone.
[edit] अर्थतन्त्र
Nepal is one of the poorest and least developed nations in the world; up to half of its population lives below the poverty line. Agriculture sustains 76% of the population and accounts for about 38% of the GDP; services comprise 41%, and industry 21%. Hilly and mountainous terrain in the northern two-thirds of the country has made the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. There are just over 4,000 km of paved roads, and one 59 km railway line in the south. Aviation is in a better state, with 46 airports, nine of them with paved runways. There is less than one telephone per 46 people; landline services are poor, although mobile telephony is in a reasonable state in some parts of the country. There are around 100,000 Internet connections, but after the imposition of the "state of emergency", intermittent losses of service have been reported.
A lack of natural resources, its landlocked location, technological backwardness and the long-running civil war have also prevented Nepal from fully developing its economy. The country receives foreign aid from India, China, the United States, Japan and the European Union. The government's budget is about US$665 million, with expenditures of $1.1bn. The inflation rate has dropped to 2.9% after a period of higher inflation during the 1990s. The Nepalese Rupee has been tied to the Indian Rupee at an exchange rate of 1.6 for many years. Since the loosening of exchange rate controls in the early 1990s, the black market for foreign exchange has all but disappeared. A long-standing economic agreement underpins a close relationship with India.
The distribution of wealth among people is consistent with that in many developed and developing countries: the highest 10% of households control 39.1% of the national wealth and the lowest 10% control only 2.6%.
Nepal's workforce of about 10 million suffers from a severe shortage of skilled labour. Agriculture employs 81% of the workforce, services 16% and manufacturing/craft-based industry 3%. Agricultural produce——mostly grown in the Terrai region bordering India——includes rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, and water buffalo meat. Industry mainly involves the processing of agricultural produce, including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. The spectacular landscape and deep, exotic culture of Nepal represents considerable potential for tourism, but growth in this export industry has been stifled by recent political events. The rate of unemployment and underemployment approaches half of the working-age population. Thus many Nepalese move to India in search of work, the Gulf countries and Malaysia being new sources of work. Poverty is acute and many of Nepal's women are sold to Indian brothels, 7,000 each year albeit this insulting practise is heavily penalised and mass propaganda against it conducted .[1] Nepal receives US$50 million a year through the Gurkha soldiers who serve in the Indian and British armies and are highly esteemed for their skill and bravery. The total remittance value is worth around 1 billion USD, including money sent from Arab and Malaysia, who combinedly employ around 200,000 Nepalese.
Nepal's GDP for the year 2005 is estimated at just over US$37 billion (adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity), making it the 83rd-largest economy in the world. Per-capita income is around US$1,402, ranked 163rd. Nepal's exports of mainly carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods and grain total $568 million. Import commodities of mainly gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products and fertiliser total US$1.419 bn. India (48.8%), the US (22.3%), and Germany (8.5%) are its main export partners. Nepal's import partners include India (43%), the United Arab Emirates (10%), China (10%), Saudi Arabia (4.4%), and Singapore (4%).
[edit] सरकार व राज्यनीति
Until 1990, Nepal was an absolute monarchy running under the executive control of the king. Faced with a people's movement against the absolute monarchy, King Birendra, in 1990, agreed to large-scale political reforms by creating a parliamentary monarchy with the king as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of the government.
Nepal's legislature was bicameral consisting of a House of Representatives and a National Council. The House of Representatives consist of 205 members directly elected by the people. The National Council had 60 members, 10 nominated by the king, 35 elected by the House of Representatives and the remaining 15 elected by an electoral college made up of chairs of villages and towns. The legislature had a five-year term, but was dissolvable by the king before its term could end. All Nepalese citizens 18 years and older became eligible to vote.
The executive comprised the King and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet). The leader of the coalition or party securing the maximum seats in an election was appointed as the Prime Minister. The Cabinet was appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
Governments in Nepal have tended to be highly unstable; no government has survived for more than two years since 1991, either through internal collapse or parliamentary dissolution by the monarch.
The judiciary is made of the Sarbochha Adalat—the Supreme Court, appellate courts and various district courts. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the other judges were appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Council.
The Nepalese political landscape consists of more than two dozen political parties. Based on the parliamentary seats occupied by various parties since 1991, Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) (CPN-UML), National Democratic Party (NDP), Nepal Sadbhawana Party (NGP), People’s Front Nepal (PFN) and Nepal Workers and Peasants Party (NWPP) are significant ones. United People's Front of Nepal (UPFN), which had won third largest number of seats in 1991 parliamentary election, began to splinter in 1993. Its one faction later merged with Nepal Communist Party (Masal) to form PFN. However, the other faction established Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1995, which staged an armed rebellion in 1996 and gradually emerged as a major political force - holding a balance of power in Nepal. All these political realignments have made the political scene of Nepal one of the most confusing in the world. Breakup of the parties had become a norm rather than an exception in Nepal. Parties never agreed on most issues of National significance. However, the situation began to change after King Gyanendra took an absolute power in 2005.
In November 22, 2005, the seven parliamentary parties of the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) agreed on a historic and unprecedented 12-point memorandum of understanding (MOU) in November 22, 2005 for peace and democracy. Nepalese from various walks of life and the international community regarded the MOU as an appropriate political response to the crisis that was developing in Nepal. In the backdrop of the historical sufferings of the Nepalese people and the enormous human cost of the last ten years of violent conflict, the MOU, which proposes a peaceful transition through an elected constituent assembly, created an acceptable formula for a united movement for democracy. As per the 12-point MOU, the Seven Party Alliance called for a protest movement and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) supported it. This led to a countrywide uprising that started in April 2006. All political forces including civil society and professional organizations actively galvanized the people. This resulted into massive and spontaneous demonstrations and rallies held across Nepal against the King Gyanendra's autocratic rule.
The people's participation was so broad, momentous and pervasive that the king feared of being overrun. On April 21, 2006, King Gyanendra declared that the "power would be returned to the people". This had little effect on the people, who continued to occupy the streets of Kathmandu and other towns, openly defying the daytime curfew. Finally King Gyanendra announced the reinstatement the House of Representatives, so conceding one of the major demands of the SPA, at midnight of April 24, 2006. With this the coalition of political forces decided to call off the protests.
21 people died and thousands were injured during the 19 days of protests.
On May 19, 2006, the parliament assumed total legislative power and gave executive power to the Government of Nepal (previously known as His Majesty's Government). Names of many institutions (including the army) were stripped of the "royal" adjective and the Raj Parishad (a council of the King's advisors) was abolished, with his duties assigned to the Parliament itself. The activities of the King became subject to parliamentary scrutiny and the King's properties were subjected to taxation. Moreover, Nepal was declared a secular state abrogating the previous status of a Hindu Kingdom, albeit the fear shown by midline Hindu communities over their concern over the abolishment of long founded tradition of Vedic systems. On July 19, 2006, the prime minister, G. P. Koirala, esnt a letter to the United Nations announcing the intentions of the Nepalese Government to hold elections to a constituent assembly by April 2007.
[edit] Military and foreign affairs
Nepal's military consists of the Nepalese Army which includes the Nepalese Army Air Service, (the air force unit under it), and the Nepalese Police Force. On May 19, 2006 The House unanimously passed the proposal to renamed Royal Nepal Army (RNA) as the “Nepali Army”. Service is voluntary and the minimum age for enlistment is 18 years. Nepal spends $99.2 million (2004) on its military—1.5% of its GDP. Nepali Army having 90,000 soldiers of the country, which is currently engaged in the civil war against the Maoist insurgents. Most of the equipment and arms are supplied by India.[2]
Nepal has close ties with both of its neighbours, India and China. In accordance with a long standing treaty, Indian and Nepalese citizens may travel to each others' countries without a passport or visa. Nepalese citizens may work in India without legal restriction. Although Nepal and India typically have close ties, from time to time Nepal becomes caught up in the problematic Sino-Indian relationship. India considers Nepal as part of its realm of influence, and views Chinese aid with concern. Some Indians consider Nepal to be part of a greater pan-Indian state, an attitude that has caused Nepalese antagonism towards India. In 2005, after King Gyanendra took over, Nepalese relations with India, the US, and the UK have worsened. These three foreign countries have been vociferous opponents to the crackdown on civil liberties in Nepal. China mainly seeks cooperation with Nepal on the issues of Tibet. Outside of Asia, Nepal has especially friendly relations with Germany[1] and has historical military links with the United Kingdom.
[edit] पिनेया वेबपौत
- Nepal Tourism Board
- Government of Nepal
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Nepal Country Page
- United States Department of State Profile of Nepal
- Library of Congress – Nepal
- MyHimalayas - Travelogues and Pictures from various areas in Nepal
- Open Directory Project -- Nepal
- Nepal चाहिलिगु गाइड विकिचाहिलिगुय्
- Planet Nepal Wiki
[edit] रिफरेन्स
- ....a window to newar culture: Jwajalapa.com. Retrieved on May 16, 2006.
- A Country Study: Nepal. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Nepal. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Nepal. MSN Encarta. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- India Nepal Open Border. Nepal Democracy. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Football at the heart of the Himalaya. FIFA. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Etymology of the word "Nepal". Infoclub.com.np. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Siddharth Srivastava. India hits Nepal where it hurts. Asia Times Online. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- rudraksha.
- Nepal: A state under siege. The South Asian: Featured Articles. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Nepal: Basic Fact Sheet. Nepal homepage. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Jailed ex-PM in Nepal court plea. BBC News. Retrieved on September 29, 2005.
- Timeline: Nepal. BBC News. Retrieved on September 29, 2005.
- Nepal to hold polls in two years. Times of India. Retrieved on September 29, 2005.
- Nepal. Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation. Retrieved on September 23, 2005.
- Barbara Crossette (1995). So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0679743634.
- Bista, Dor Bahadur (1967). People of Nepal. Dept. of Publicity, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of Nepal. ISBN 9993304182.
- Michael Hutt, ed., Himalayan 'people's war' : Nepal's Maoist rebellion, London : C. Hurst, 2004
- Peter Matthiessen (1993). The Snow Leopard. Penguin. ISBN 0-00-272025-6.
- Joe Simpson (1997). Storms of Silence. Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0898865123.
- Samrat Upadhyay (2001). Arresting God in Kathmandu. Mariner Books. ISBN 0618043713.
- Joseph R. Pietri (2001). The King of Nepal. Joseph R. Pietri. ISBN 061511928X.
- Maurice Herzog (1951). Annapurna. The Lyons Press. ISBN 1558215492.
- Dervla Murphy (1968). The Waiting Land: A Spell in Nepal. Transatlantic Arts. ISBN 0719517451.
- Rishikesh Shaha (2001). Modern Nepal: A Political History. Manohar Publishers and Distributors. ISBN 8173044031.
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