Monarchy in Australia

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Queen Elizabeth II, the current Queen of Australia.(Photo: Richard Gifford)

The Australian Monarchy is a shared monarchy. This article describes the Monarchy from the perspective of Australia. In the other Commonwealth Realms, the constitutional role of the Monarchy is similar, but the historical and cultural significance may differ. For information on the Monarchy in the other Realms, see: Other Realms

Australia is a constitutional monarchy and a Commonwealth Realm. Queen Elizabeth II has been the reigning monarch since 6 February 1952. Under the Constitution of Australia, the Queen's powers are delegated to the Governor-General, who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia. In all matters relating to Australia, the Queen acts solely on the advice of her Australian ministers.

In Australia, the Queen's official title is: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. ("Commonwealth" here refers to the Commonwealth of Nations, not the Commonwealth of Australia.) In common practice, Queen Elizabeth II is referred to simply as "The Queen" or "The Queen of Australia" when in Australia, or when abroad and acting on the advice of her Australian ministers.

1 Constitutional monarchy in Australia
2 History
3 The Crown and the Australian Defence Force
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

[edit] Constitutional monarchy in Australia

[edit] International vs. domestic role

One of the most complicated features of the Australian Monarchy is that it is in fact a shared monarchy. Some 53 independent sovereign states, including Australia, are members of the Commonwealth of Nations (formerly the British Empire, and later British Commonwealth). 16 of these countries are specifically Commonwealth Realms who recognise the same Queen, Elizabeth II, separately, as their head of state.

Queen Elizabeth II is the current Monarch's conventional title for all her Commonwealth Realms, but is generally regarded as "Queen of Australia" only when she is actually present in Australia or when she otherwise performs ceremonies or duties relevant to Australia. The Queen of Australia only ever acts on the advice of her Australian Prime Minister or in affairs relating to the six Australian states on the advice of the State Premier concerned. Some examples are conferring Australian Honours. All Australian honours are conferred in the name of the Queen of Australia. The Order of Australia is a Royal Order. The Queen has acted in her role as Queen of Australia when participating in Australian remembrance ceremonies in France.

The vast majority of the Queen of Australia's domestic duties are performed by the Governor General of Australia at the federal level and Governors at the state level. There are few duties which must be performed specifically by the Queen (e.g., giving royal assent to the appointment of Governors-General on the advice of the Australian Prime Minister or State Governors on the advice of the State Premier), or require assent by the Queen as well as the Governor General. The Queen of Australia does not act directly in partisan affairs.

In addition to the Queen's role in each of her realms, the Australian Monarch is also the nominal Head of the Commonwealth. However, this title does not imply any political power over member nations, and does not automatically belong to the monarch, although thus far only the shared Monarch of the Commonwealth Realms has ever held this title.

[edit] Constitutional role

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The Sovereign's throne to the left, and a seat for the regal consort to the right, in the Australian Senate.

Although Queen Elizabeth II is also monarch of the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries, each Commonwealth Realm is sovereign and independent of the others. The identity of the sovereign is determined by the conditions set out in the Act of Settlement. As a result of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 the dominions acquired the right to be considered equal to Britain rather than subordinate; an agreement that had the result of, in theory, a shared Crown that operates independently in each realm rather than a unitary British Crown under which all the dominions were subordinate. The Monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since this time (in both legal and common language) for historical reasons and for convenience. The and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927">Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927 was the first indication of this shift in law, further elaborated in the Statute of Westminster, 1931. Under the Statute, Australia has a common monarchy with Britain and the other Commonwealth Realms and cannot change the rules of succession without the unanimous consent of the other Realms, unless Australia explicitly leaves the shared monarchy relationship by means of a constitutional amendment.

On all matters of state to do with Australia, the monarch is advised solely by the Australian federal and state premiers. Since the passage of the Australia Act, 1986, no British government can advise the Monarch on any matters pertinent to Australia.

Succession to the throne is by male-preference primogeniture and governed by the provisions of the Act of Settlement and the English Bill of Rights. These documents are now part of Australian constitutional law. As Australia's rules of succession are identical to those of the United Kingdom (by the Statute of Westminster), see Succession to the British Throne for more information.

As in the UK, the Queen's role is almost entirely symbolic and cultural, and the powers that are constitutionally hers are exercised wholly upon the advice of the elected government. In exceptional circumstances, however, the Queen or Governor-General may act against such advice based upon her reserve powers – as when Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam due to a stalemate over government funding between the House of Representatives and the Senate. (see Australian constitutional crisis of 1975). For the most part, however, the Monarch functions as a symbol of the legal authority under which all governments operate. it has been correctly said that, ever since the 1714 death of the last monarch to head the British cabinet, Queen Anne, the monarch "reigns" but does not "rule". Since the Australian continent did not become a British possession until many years after Anne's death, this tradition has always applied in Australia. For more explanation of the Queen's role, see Governor General of Australia.

All powers of state are constitutionally reposed in the Queen, who is represented at the federal level by the Governor-General of Australia and at the state level by Governors. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia. The six Governors are also appointed by the Queen upon the advice of the state premiers. The great majority of the Queen's Australian duties are performed by her representatives in Australia except those that explicitly or implicitly require the Queen to perform them. it is also possible that if the Governor-General decided to go against the Prime Minister's or the government's advice, the Prime Minister could appeal directly to the Queen or even recommend that the Queen dismiss the Governor-General.

Proclamation or a form of public announcement is required for all acts passed by the Australian, state and territory legislatures. Royal Assent is required for acts passed by all legislatures except the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly. The ACT and NT legislatures are subject to the oversight of the Australian Parliament. State parliaments are not so subject, except that a state parliament cannot pass a law on a matter that is constitutionally reserved for the Australian Parliament.

The Administrator of Australia's Northern Territory, is appointed by the Governor-in-Council on the recommendation of the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory. As the territories are not sovereign entities, the administrator is not a representative of the Sovereign but is advised by the Chief Minister. The Australian Capital Territory does not have an administrator.

[edit] Cultural role

The Crown's role can be seen in numerous places within Australian life. For instance, the Queen is ceremonial head of the Australian honours system. As such, only she can approve the creation of an honour, which she does as requested by government of Australia. The Governor-General administers all responsibilities relating to Australian honours on the Queen's behalf.

Queen Elizabeth's birthday is April 21, however since 1953 the official birthday of Australia's Monarch has been a national holiday known as the Queen's Birthday, normally the second Monday in June in all states and territories except Western Australia where it is set each year by vice-regal proclamation, though this is usually the last Monday of September or first Monday of October. it is on this day that the "Queen's Birthday Honours List", which outlines the newly inducted members of the Order of Australia, is announced.

The Queen is a regular visitor to Australia. Over the course of her reign, the cultural importance that Australians attach to the monarchy as a British institution has declined^{[citation needed]}. Instead, the monarchy in Australia is seen as a purely Australian institution. The federal and state governments now recognise and promote the Queen's role as monarch of Australia as separate to her position as Queen of the United Kingdom. For example, though God Save the Queen remains the Royal Anthem, Advance Australia Fair has been adopted as the National Anthem, both by proclamation of Governor-General Sir Ninian Stephen on 19 April, 1984. ^[1] The Vice-Regal Salute is the first four and last four bars of Advance Australia Fair. The Vice-Regal Salute is played only for the Governor-General and each Governor, because they represent the Australian Crown.

The Queen's image remains on Australian coins, some currency and postage stamps. Her portrait is still found in some government buildings, military installations, schools, and Australian embassies abroad. Crowns are also visible on police forces badges, military badges, and some state coats of arms.

Neither the Queen, the Governor-General, nor any Governor has any religious role in Australia. There have been no established churches in Australia since before federation in 1901. This is one of the key differences from the Queen's role in the United Kingdom where she is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. As the Queen of Australia is also the Queen of the United Kingdom, the monarch cannot be a Roman Catholic or married to one and must be in communion with the Church of England upon ascending the throne.

[edit] Legal role

The legal personality of the Monarch in Australia is referred to as "Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Australia", and likewise for the states and territories (i.e., "in Right of South Australia," etc.). For example, if a lawsuit is filed against the federal government, the respondent is formally described as Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Australia. (Naturally, the Queen herself takes no more role in such an affair than in any other business of government. Indeed, in cases in which, for example, a state sues the federal government, it would formally be Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Victoria v Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Australia.)

As a symbol of the courts' legitimacy, and their judicial authority, an image of the Queen or the Royal Arms are always displayed. Itinerant judges will display an image of the Queen and the Australian flag when holding a session away from an established court room. In NSW, after consultation with relevant heraldry societies, it has been recently decided that use of the Royal Arms is incorrect in representing the Queen in Right of New South Wales, since the correct arms are those of New South Wales. The NSW courts have been progressively replacing the (UK) Royal Arms with the (NSW) Royal Arms.

The oath of allegiance to Australia, sworn by soldiers, judges and parliamentarians, is an oath of allegiance to the Monarch as Sovereign of Australia, and to his/her heirs and successors according to law. Since 1994 new Australian citizens have taken a pledge of allegiance to Australia and its values only.

See also: Australian Nationality Law

[edit] History

Since the establishment of the colony of Sydney Cove, Australia has been the territory of a monarchy or a monarchy in its own right. Kings and queens reigning over Australia have included the those of the UK (from George III of the United Kingdom in 1788 to King George VI in 1952), to Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia today.

Following federation in 1901, the gradual "Australianisation" of the Crown began.

The and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927">Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 initiated the gradual replacement of the concept of a singular crown throughout the British Empire with that of a shared crown making each dominion (as well as the United Kingdom) a separate Realm with the Crown worn by the common monarch. This idea was further enhanced by the Statute of Westminster 1931, which granted the dominions of the Commonwealth autonomy from the British parliament and equality with the United Kingdom. When a new and Titles Act">Royal Style and Titles Act was passed at the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign, it explicitly identified the Queen's role in the United Kingdom and her role in Australia separately, with her role as Queen of the United Kingdom listed before her role as Queen of Australia. This format was consistent with the form of the Queen's titles in the other Realms, as had been agreed upon by all the Realm governments in 1953.

Her title in 1953 was:

Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Australia and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

When the Parliament of Australia passed the Royal Style and Titles Act (1973), this act repealed sections of the Royal Style and Titles Act (1953), and her Australian style and titles became:

Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.

See also: and honours of Queen Elizabeth II">List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II

It will be noted that the title "Defender of the Faith" was deleted by this Act from the Queen's Australian style and titles. In the United Kingdom the Church of England is a state church, and the Queen is its "Supreme Governor." Australia has no state church, and neither the Queen nor the Governor-General have any official connection with the Anglican Church of Australia.

Australia gained full independence as an autonomous constitutional monarchy when the constitution was patriated under Prime Minister Hawke in 1986, making it Australian law rather than an act of the British parliament that required amendment in both jurisdictions.

See also: Australia Act 1986

Any change to the constitution, including the position of the monarch or the monarch's representatives in Australia, has always required an absolute majority in both houses of the federal parliament, and the approval in a referendum of the proposed amendment by a majority of electors nationwide, and a majority in a majority of the states, and the approval of a majority of electors in each state specifically impacted by the amendment.

[edit] Debate on the monarchy

Australia's status as a constitutional monarchy has been debated since Federation in 1901. However, it was not until the 1970s when some Australian politicians seriously began to reconsider Australia's constitutional framework, though at that time the Australian public, overall, showed little support for, or even concern about, constitutional change. At this point there was a downplaying of the Crown in Australia, with references to the monarch and the monarchy being slowly removed from the public eye (e.g., the Queen's portrait from public buildings and schools, and the Royal Mail became a crown corporation, Australia Post).

In 1991 the Australian Labor Party was the first national party to make an Australian republic a part of their platform. Prime Minister Hawke did not pursue the matter. His successor in office Paul Keating formed the Republic Advisory Committee to investigate the potential issues which would need to be overcome for Australia to become a republic. In 1993 references to the Queen were removed from the Oath of Citizenship taken by new Australian citizens, to be replaced by a pledge to the country and people, "whose democratic beliefs I share and whose laws I shall obey." The State of Queensland removed all reference to the Monarchy from its legislation, barristers in New South Wales were no longer to be appointed to Queen's Counsel, Australian organisations could no longer apply for Royal Charters, and into the 2000s the New South Wales government passed legislation forcing the removal of all crowns from the exterior and interior of government buildings. Some monarchists call these moves republicanism by stealth, and argue that the process of downplaying the monarchy has led to widespread misunderstandings about the institution and how Australia is governed.

It was in 1991 that the Australian Republican Movement formed as a non-partisan group advocating the constitutional change to a republic. In response, the Australian Monarchist League, founded in 1943, shifted its focus towards defending the Australian Crown, and in 1992 the group Australians for Constitutional Monarchy was founded as another non-partisan group dedicated to maintaining Australia's status as a constitutional monarchy.

In 1999 Australian held a a two question referendum. The first question asked whether Australia should become a republic with a President appointed by Parliament, a bi-partisan appointment model which had previously been decided at a Constitutional Convention in February 1998. The second question, generally deemed to be far less important politically, asked whether Australia should alter the constitution to insert a preamble. Neither of the amendments passed, with the 'no' side receiving 54.4% of the vote. When examining federal electorates, results reveal that 72% of federal electorates rejected the proposed changes.

Depending on the question asked, opinion polls have shown Australians have mixed feelings towards the monarchy. Some polls show a majority of Australians support the creation of a republic, while others show a majority favour retaining the current system. Generally, however, in recent years the prevailing mood towards the monarchy suggested by most polls is one of indifference or apathy. There is no groundswell of opinion for a change to a republic.

See also: republicanism in Australia

See also: 1999 Australian republic referendum

[edit] Post referendum

Four months after the referendum on an Australian republic, the Queen returned to Australia in 2000. In Sydney, in a speech at the Conference Centre in Darling Harbour, she stated her belief in the democratic rights of Australians on all issues including that of the Monarchy :

"My family and I would, of course, have retained our deep affection for Australia and Australians everywhere, whatever the outcome. For some while it has been clear that many Australians have wanted constitutional change ... You can understand, therefore, that it was with the closest interest that I followed the debate leading up to the referendum held last year on the proposal to amend the Constitution. I have always made it clear that the future of the Monarchy in Australia is an issue for you, the Australian people, and you alone to decide by democratic and constitutional means. it should not be otherwise. As I said at the time, I respect and accept the outcome of the referendum. In the light of the result last November I shall continue faithfully to serve as Queen of Australia under the Constitution to the very best of my ability, as I have tried to do for the last 48 years." ^[2]

Little controversy followed her during that visit, or one later in 2002 to celebrate her Golden Jubilee as Queen of Australia. it was reported that generally Australians greeted her with respect, though due to the ease of the television age, in diminished numbers compared to earlier visits.

In March, 2006 organisers of the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne came under fire when it was announced that they would not play God Save the Queen at the ceremonies where the Queen was to open the Games. Despite the fact that the song is officially the Australian Royal Anthem, to be played whenever the Sovereign is present, the Games organisers refused to play it. After repeated calls from Prime Minister John Howard, organisers agreed to play eight bars of the Royal Anthem at the opening ceremony. However, there remained speculation that the opening of the Games could be "thrown into chaos" should thousands of Australians continue to sing God Save the Queen after the eight bars were complete, drowning out singer Dame Kiri Te Kanawa and the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. In the end, with the crowd singing along, ^[3] Dame Kiri sang Happy Birthday to the Queen, the rendition of which then turned into an abbreviated God Save the Queen, and at which point the majority of attendees at the stadium stood. ^[4] ^[5]

[edit] Monarchs of Australia

A list of monarchs of Australia:

Hanover/Saxe-Coburg-Gotha/Windsor line
Victoria of the United Kingdom 1901: Signed Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900
Edward VII of the United Kingdom 1901-1910
George V of the United Kingdom 1910-1936: Signed Statute of Westminster, 1931
Edward VIII of the United Kingdom 1936
George VI of the United Kingdom 1936-1952
Elizabeth II of Australia 1952-present: First to be titled separately as Queen of Australia.

[edit] Royal Visits

Since 1867 there have been over fifty visits by a member of the Royal Family to Australia, though only six of those came before 1954.

The first was a visit by and Gotha">Prince Alfred, son of Queen Victoria, in 1867, during his round the world voyage. He toured Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. He was shot, by Henry James O'Farrell, in an assassination attempt while picnicking on the beach in the Sydney suburb of Clontarf, on March 12, 1868. He recovered fully and continued on to New Zealand seven months later.

Prince George - age 15 came to Australia with his older brother Prince Albert - age 17, in 1881, as midshipmen in training on the HMS Bacchante. They arrived at Albany, WA, in May, crossed to South Australia in a passenger vessel, travelled overland to Melbourne, and from there sailed on a naval vessel to Sydney.

In 1901 Prince Edward and his wife, Alexandra, were planning an Empire tour. However, the death of Queen Victoria on January 22, 1901, meant the couple had to prepare for a coronation in 1902. Consequently, Edward's son Prince George, and his wife, Mary, were consigned to undertake the voyage instead. Arriving at Albay, WA, on the 'Ophir', they sailed to Melbourne and later travelled by train to Sydney. After arriving at the Domain, Sydney (where some 100,000 people were in attendance), one of the Prince's main tasks in Australia was to open the newly formed federal parliament, stating at the conclusion of his speech: "Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives, it affords me much pleasure to convey to you this message from His Majesty. I now, in his name and on his behalf, declare Parliament open."

Prince Edward arrived in Victoria on April 2, 1920, representing his father, King George V (previously Prince George), to thank Australians for their participation in the First World War. During his tour his railway carraige overturned at Bridgetown, WA, however the Prince remained unharmed, and later made light of the situation, (emerging from the wreck with some important papers and a cocktail shaker), an act which endeared him to Australians, and causing them to give him the nickname the "Digger Prince."

In 1927 Prince Albert, and wife Elizabeth, sailed into Sydney harbour on HMS 'Renown', attracting Australia's first gathering of more than one million people. The principal duty of the Prince on this visit was to open the provisional Parliament House in Canberra, on May 9, 1927. They spent twelve days in New South Wales, seven in Queensland, four in Tasmania, eleven in Victoria, six in South Australia, six in Western Australia, and three in the ACT, with the remaining ten for travelling and recreation. According to a report by the Director-General of the royal visit, Cyril Brudenell White, "the Royal Visitors had expressed the wish that when travelling through the States they might have opportunities of seeing and of being seen by, the greatest number of the general public. They especially desired to meet returned soldiers, new settlers and school children." On May 9, Prince Albert reviewed over 2,000 Australian troops with various air squadrons flying overhead. One aircraft, that of Flying Officer Charles Ewan, crashed, Ewan dying that evening in hospital. ^[6]

Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester the third son of George V, visited for an extensive 67-day tour in 1932, (4th October - December), the main purpose being to open the centenary celebrations of Victoria on 18 October. He arrived on HMS 'Sussex' at Fremantle, then travelled by train to Adelaide and ship to Melbourne. He also visited the Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania, New South Wales and Queensland. While in Melbourne the Duke dedicated the Shrine of Remembrance on 11 November. He sailed to England from Brisbane to return to Australia in 1945 as Governor-General.

Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester served as Governor-General for over two years, from 20 January 1945 - 10 March 1947, the first and only royal governor-general.

Queen Elizabeth II reads a speech in Sydney, 1954

Queen Elizabeth II was the first reigning monarch of Australia to set foot on Australian soil, coming ashore at Farm Cove, Sydney, on February 3, 1954.^[7] She had two years earlier been on route to Australia when her father died while she was on a private visit to Kenya, forcing her to return to the UK. Once finally in Australia, with her husband Prince Philip, she undertook a journey through the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia, including greeting 70,000 ex-servicemen and women at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, and opening the Australian Parliament in Canberra. In all, the Queen travelled 10,000 miles by air, making approximately 33 flights, 2,000 miles by road (130 hours in cars in 207 trips), visiting all capitals except Darwin, and 70 country towns. This extensive travel allowed some 75 per cent of the Australian population to see the Queen at least once during the tour.

At the conclusion of the tour, Prime Minister Robert Menzies stated in an article published in the Sydney Morning Herald:

"It is a basic truth that for our Queen we have within us, sometimes unrealised until the moment of expression, the most profound and passionate feelings of loyalty and devotion. it does not require much imagination to realise that when eight million people spontaneously pour out this feeling they are engaging in a great act of common allegiance and common joy which brings them closer together and is one of the most powerful elements converting them from a mass of individuals to a great cohesive nation. In brief, the common devotion to the Throne is a part of the very cement of the whole social structure." ^[8]

In 1956 Prince Philip opened the Olympic Games in Melbourne, and opened the Empire Games in Perth in 1962, while on a tour through Western Australia, New South Wales and the ACT. In 1965 he opened the Royal Australian Mint, and in 1968 went to Australia to open the Duke of Edinburgh Study Conference.

Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother visited in 1958 to attend the British Empire Service League Conference in Canberra. She travelled to the Australian Capital Territory, Sydney, Melbourne, Tasmania, Adelaide and perth, as well as many provincial and country areas during the time of her visit 14 February - 7 March.

Princess Alexandra of Kent visited in 1959 for Queensland's centenary celebrations. She arrived at Canberra and travelled to New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and the Northern Territory.

Prince Charles working a ranch near Canberra, 1974

Planned as a less formal tour than the one in 1954, the Queen returned in 1963, touring all the states and territories, with the primary purpose being to lead the Canberra jubilee celebrations commemorating the 50th anniversary of the naming of the capital. During this trip she also toured the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia base in Alice Springs. In preparation for this tour, Sir Roy Dowling, the Queen's Australian Secretary for the visit, was warned about Northern Territory mosquitoes. Dowling was warned, "You could be placed in an extremely embarrassing situation if the Queen's skin was marked and if the press published pictures and stories about those marks." ^[9]

Princess Marina The widow of the Duke of Kent, who died in 1942, visited between 26 September - 8 October, 1964 for the British Exhibition in Sydney and to open the new Gladesville Bridge. She travelled in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory before leaving, with a brief stop in Brisbane on the return flight.

The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester visited the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania and Queensland between 20 March - 26 April 1965. The new Tasman Bridge was opened by the Duke in Hobart; he also opened the Royal Easter Show in Sydney and a hydro-electric power station in the Snowy Mountains.

Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother attended the Adelaide Festival of Arts as its patron, and opened Flinders University, also travelling to Western Australia, the Snowy Mountains and the Australian Capital Territory between 22 March - 7 April, 1966.

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh helped in 1967 to organise the third Commonwealth Study Conference to be held in May, 1968. He travelled to the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania, where he helped volunteer firefighters to fight a local fire.

The Duke and Duchess of Kent made a 25-day tour between 9 August - 3 September, of the Australian Capital Territory, South Australia, the Northern Territory, Western Australia and Queensland as well as Papua New Guinea. The Duke opened the South Pacific Games in Port Moresby on 13 August.

The Queen, Prince Philip, Prince Charles (for part of the tour only) and Princess Anne made an extensive tour of Australia in 1970 in connection with the bi-centenary of Captain James Cook sailing up the east coast of Australia in 1970. This was a very popular tour. Large crowds turned out to see The Queen. Once such event occurred when the royal yacht Britannia sailed up the Brisbane River before mooring just below the historic Newstead House in Brisbane.

The Queen returned to Australia again in 1973 to open the Sydney Opera House and also in 1974 to open the Australian Parliament in Canberra.

An extended royal tour of Australia was made in 1977 as part of the Silver Jubilee of Her Majesty's reign. In the early 1980s The Queen made short tours to among other things open the new High Court of Australia building and also the new National Gallery of Australia, both in Canberra. The Queen and Prince Philip also made a popular visit in 1988 as part of the bi-centenary celebrations.

Prince Charles attended the Geelong Grammar School for one year in 1966. This was not an official trip as the Prince was there primarily for schooling. A January 10, 1966, press release made this clear, stating that he should be left alone by journalists: "The Prince of Wales will be engaged in full time study in Australia and will not undertake any official engagements. The Queen and the Commonwealth Government have requested that the Prince’s visit should be treated as a private one and that he should be allowed the same freedom from public attention as any other school boy." ^[10] During this time The Queen Mother paid a visit to Australia.

He returned in 1967 as the Queen's representative at the memorial service for Prime Minister Harold Holt, and again in 1970. On March 20, 1983, The Prince of Wales, this time with the Princess of Wales, and their son Prince William, landed in Alice Springs. ^[11] ^[12] The Prince and Princess of Wales also made a most popular visit during the bi-centenary celebrations in 1988. After her divorce in 1996, Diana, Princess of Wales made one subsequent visit prior to her tragic death in 1997. She was deeply mourned in Australia.

On 11th November 2003, Armistice Day, The Queen, in her role as Queen of Australia jointly opened with the Australian Prime Minister a new Australian War Memorial at Hyde Park corner in London. In her speech she said Australians had stood side-by-side with the British in two of the ugliest wars in history. She stated, "The forces of aggression were defeated but the cost in human lives and misery was enormous."

On March 11, 2006, Prince Edward visited Australia to announce the winners of the Commonwealth Writers' Prize, lunch with Prime Minister John Howard, visit a neo-natal unit in Heidelberg, visit with victims of bush fires in Victoria, and attend the opening and closing ceremonies of the Commonwealth Games. ^[13]

One day later the Queen and Prince Philip arrived in Australia where the Queen opened the Commonwealth Games. As well, the Royal couple attended opened a new section of the Sydney Opera House, attended a Commonwealth Day ceremony also in Sydney, had official meetings with the Prime Minister, Governor-General and Leader of the Opposition at Government House in Canberra, lunched with former Governors-General, met with firefighters in Canberra, attended and made a formal speech at an official dinner at Parliament House in Canberra to commemorate her 80th birthday , and watched some of the events at the games. ^[14]

[ and the Australian Defence Force">edit] The Crown and the Australian Defence Force

The Crown retains a prominent place within the Australian Defence Force, which consists of the Australian Army, Royal Australian Air Force, and Royal Australian Navy. Section 68 of the Australian Constitution says: "The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor-General as the Queen's representative."

The Sovereign's position and role in the military is reflected by Australian naval vessels bearing the prefix Her Majesty's Australian Ship (HMAS) (His Majesty's Australian Ship during the reign of a king), and all members of the armed forces must swear allegiance to the Queen and her heirs and successors.

Members of the Royal Family have presided over many military ceremonies, including Trooping of the Colours, inspections of the troops, and anniversaries of key battles. Whenever Her Majesty is in Canberra she lays a wreath at the Australian War Memorial. Elizabeth II acted in her capacity as Queen of Australia abroad in 2003 when she dedicated the Australian War Memorial in Hyde Park, London. ^[15]

Members of the Royal Family are Colonels-in-Chief of many Australian regiments, including: the Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery; Royal Australian Army Medical Corps; the Royal Australian Armoured Corps and the Royal Australian Corps of Signals, amongst many others.