William Still
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William Still (November 1819 or October 7, 1821 – July 14, 1902) was an African-American abolitionist, conductor on the Underground Railroad, writer, and civil rights activist.
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[edit] Early life
The date of William Still's birth is given as October 7, 1821, by most sources, but he gave the date of November 1819 in the 1900 Census. He was born in Burlington County, New Jersey to Charity and Levin Still. Both his parents had come to New Jersey from the eastern shore of Maryland as ex-slaves. He was the youngest of eighteen siblings, who included James Still, known as "The Doctor of the Pines," Peter Still, Mary Still, and Kitturah Still, who moved to Philadelphia.
His father was the first of the family to move to New Jersey when he purchased his own freedom. Levin settled in Springtown near Medford and later Charity joined the family with their four children, when she escaped. Charity was recaptured and returned to slavery, but she escaped a second time and, with her two daughters, found her way to Burlington County, New Jersey, to join her husband. The two sons she left behind were sold to slaveowners in Alabama, in the deep South.
[edit] Abolitionist
In 1844, William moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where, he began working as a clerk for the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery. When Philadelphia abolitionists organized a committee to aid runaway slaves reaching Philadelphia, Still became its chairman. By the 1850s, Still was a leader of Philadelphia's African-American community. In 1859 he attempted to desegregate the city's public transit system. He opened a stove store during the American Civil War, and later started a coal delivery business.
In 1860 he married Letitia George and had two children: William H. Still (1864-?) who married Carolina; and Frances Ellen Still (1875-?) who became a kindergarten teacher (she was named after poet Frances Ellen Watkins Harper). Other sources list a son as Robert George Still, a journalist who owned a print shop on Pine at 11th Street in Philadelphia. On the 1900 U.S. Census William Still said he had two children and both were still living.
[edit] Underground Railroad
Often called "The Father of the Underground Railroad," Still helped as many as 60 slaves a month escape to freedom, interviewing each person and keeping careful records, including a brief biography and the destination of each person, along with any alias that they adopted, though he kept his records carefully hidden. During one interview of an escapee, it was discovered that the man, Peter Still, was his own brother. They had been separated since childhood, and his brother knew little about the rest of his family. Still later published The Underground Rail Road Records, which chronicles the stories and methods of some 649 slaves who escaped to freedom via the Underground Railroad. Peter Still later collaborated on a book detailing his experiences.
The three prominent Still brothers—William, James, and Peter—settled in Lawnside, New Jersey. To this day, their descendants have an annual family reunion every August. Notable members of the Still family include the composer William Grant Still.
[edit] See also
- 1900 US Census with William Still. Note he lists his parents as born in New York.
[edit] External links
- William Still - Underground Railroad Foundation
- Spartacus Educational: William Still
- New York News: William Still
- e-book of The Underground Railroad at Project Gutenberg
- William Still and Philadelphia's African American Underground Paper and video on Still at the Antislavery Literature Project.
