White cliffs of Dover
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- This article is about the geographical feature. For the 1944 film, see The White Cliffs of Dover (1944 film).
The white cliffs of Dover, immortalized in popular song and verse, are cliffs facing the Strait of Dover near the major English port town of Dover, in the county of Kent, and form part of the North Downs. The cliff face, which reaches up to 350 feet high, owes its striking façade to its composition of chalk (pure white lime) accentuated by streaks of black flint.
The cliffs have great symbolic value for Britain because they face towards Continental Europe across the narrowest part of the English Channel, where invasions have historically threatened and against which the cliffs form a symbolic guard. Crossing at Dover was also the primary route to the continent before air travel, and thus the white line of cliffs formed the first (or last) sight of the UK for travellers.
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[edit] Location
The cliffs are located along the coastline between approximately: Latitude 51°06'N, Longitude 1°14'E and Latitude 51°12'N, Longitude 1°24'E. Shakespeare Cliff marks the point where England most closely approaches continental Europe. On a clear day, the cliffs are easily visible from the French coast.
[edit] Geology
The cliffs are composed mainly of coccoliths and trace their origins to the Cretaceous Period, approximately 136 million years ago, when the area between Britain in the west and Sweden/Poland in the east was submerged under deep tropical waters. Subjected to the great pressures of the sea, the emptied skeletons of coral, sponges and other small sea creatures turned to sediment and began to accumulate on the ocean floor. By approximately 70 million years ago, this process had formed a mass of silica-specked chalk covering huge areas between Britain and the Baltic Sea — white cliffs like those of Dover (but smaller) are also found on the Danish islands of Mon and Langeland or the coasts of the island of Rügen in Germany. The chalk layer used to lay high above sea level during the ice ages and in many places additionally was covered with glaciers. After the ice ages, they were exposed to the rising sea. Owing to the exceptional softness of chalk, tidal forces have since then significantly eroded this land mass away, in Dover to form the English Channel.
The cliff face continues to erode at an average rate of one centimetre per year, although occasionally—most recently in 2001—large chunks of the edge, up to several metres at once, will fall into the channel with little warning. Visitors are therefore urged to remain at least five metres back from the edge.
[edit] Defence
Behind the cliff face are miles of hidden tunnels that were created during the Middle Ages and later played a role in the defence of Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. The tunnels were later enlarged to become the Secret Wartime Tunnels beneath Dover castle.
[edit] Ecology
Several species of cliff nesting birds nest on the cliff face, however contrary to the words of the famous song ("There'll be bluebirds over the white cliffs of Dover"), Bluebirds (an American species) are not found in the UK. However, Fulmar and colonies of Kittiwake can be found there.
[edit] References in culture
In Matthew Arnold's 1867 poem "Dover Beach", the cliffs are a sign of reassuring strength. The most iconic reference is perhaps the World War II song, sung by Vera Lynn, "[There'll Be Bluebirds Over] The White Cliffs of Dover".
Other people to cover the song or sing about the white cliffs include Kate Smith, Eric Johnson, The Decemberists. Other poetry includes Alice Duer Miller's "The White Cliffs", on which the 1944 film The White Cliffs of Dover was based.
In a 2005 poll of Radio Times readers, the cliffs were named as the 3rd greatest natural wonder in Britain.
