Unterseeboot 505
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Unterseeboot 505 is a Type IXC U-boat of the Kriegsmarine, notable for its capture by the United States Navy in 1944, and presently a museum ship at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois. Codebooks and other secret documents were captured from the U-505 which assisted Allied codebreaking operations.
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[edit] Service history prior to capture
Her keel was laid down June 12, 1940, by Deutsche Werft AG of Hamburg. She was launched on 25 May 1941, and commissioned on 26 August 1941, with Kapitänleutnant Axel-Olaf Loewe in command. On 6 September 1942, Loewe was relieved by Kptlt. Peter Zschech. On 24 October 1943, Oberleutnant zur See Paul Meyer found himself in command (see below) for about two weeks until he was relieved on 8 November by Oblt. Harald Lange. Lange commanded the boat until its capture on 4 June 1944.
U-505 conducted twelve patrols, sinking eight ships totaling of 44,962 tons—three American, two British, and one each Norwegian, Netherlands, and Colombian.
The next to last ship sunk by U-505 was the three-masted Colombian schooner Roamar from Cartagena. The tall-masted sailing ship did not stop for a warning shot and was sunk by 22 rounds from U-505's 105-mm deck gun. Upon return to Germany (hastened by Kptlt. Loewe's attack of appendicitis shortly after sinking Roamar), Admiral Karl Dönitz's staff officers commented that, "The sinking of the Colombian schooner had better been left undone." For what it's worth, U-505 had nothing but bad luck after sinking that ship from another era.
On 10 November 1942, the second watch officer and one lookout were seriously wounded in an air attack by a Lockheed Hudson aircraft of No. 53 Squadron RAF. The aircraft was shot down or damaged by her own bombs and crashed in the attack. The boat was damaged heavily and headed back. Twelve days later the wounded watch officer was transferred to the milchkuh ("milk cow") U 462.
After six months in Lorient for repairs U-505's next cruise was aborted several times due to equipment failure and sabotage. This happened so many times that she became the butt of jokes throughout the fleet at Lorient. Upon one return they found a sign painted in the docking area reading, "U-505's Hunting Ground". At a time when many U-boats were being sunk U-505's new commander, Kptlt. Peter Zschech, overheard another U-boat commander joke, "There is one commander who will always come back...Zschech."
After 10 months in Lorient U-505 was once again crossing the Bay of Biscay on her way to the Atlantic Ocean. On 24 October 1943, Kptlt. Zschech, while in command of U-505 and under a heavy depth charge attack, committed suicide, the only such incident in the war. The first watch officer, Oblt. Paul Meyer, saved the boat and brought it back to port. (For his part in saving the ship and her crew from almost certain destruction after their commander had abandoned them, Meyer was merely, "absolved from all blame").
[edit] Capture of U-505
On 4 June 1944, United States Navy Task Group 22.3 (TG 22.3) captured U-505, the first time a US Navy vessel had captured an enemy at sea since 1815, when USS Peacock seized HMS Nautilus during the War of 1812.
[edit] The anti-sub task force
The action took place in the Atlantic Ocean, at , about 150 miles off the coast of Rio De Oro, Africa. The American force was commanded by Captain Daniel V. Gallery, USN, and comprised the escort aircraft carrier USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60), and five destroyer escorts under Commander Frederick S. Hall, USN: Pillsbury (DE-133), Pope (DE-134), Flaherty (DE-135), Chatelain (DE-149), and Jenks (DE-665).
Alerted by Allied cryptanalysts, who had decrypted the German naval Enigma code "Shark", the Guadalcanal task group knew U-boats were operating off the African coast near Cape Verde. They did not know the precise location, however, because the coordinates in the message were encoded separately before being enciphered for transmission. By using high-frequency direction-finding fixes (HF/DF, pronounced "Huff-Duff") and air and surface reconnaissance, the Allies could narrow down a U-boat's location. The Guadalcanal task group intended to use all these methods to find and capture the next U-boat they detected.
[edit] Depth charge attack
The task group sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, on 15 May 1944, for an anti-submarine patrol near the Canary Islands. For two weeks they searched unsuccessfully, steaming as far south as Freetown, Sierra Leone. On Sunday, 4 June 1944, with fuel running low, the warships reluctantly turned north and headed for Casablanca. Ten minutes later, at 11:09, Chatelain, Lt. Cmdr. Dudley S. Knox, USNR commanding, made sonar contact on an object just 800 yards away on her starboard bow. Guadalcanal immediately swung clear at top speed to avoid getting in the way, as Chatelain and the other escorts closed the position.
In the minutes required to identify the contact definitely as a submarine, however, Chatelain closed too rapidly and could not attack—her depth charges would not sink fast enough to intercept the U-boat. The escort held her fire, opened range and set up an attack with her hedgehog battery. Regaining sonar contact after a momentary loss due to the short range, Chatelain passed beyond the submarine and swung around toward it to make a second attack with depth charges.
As the ship heeled over in her tight turn, one of two Wildcat fighter planes launched overhead by Guadalcanal, sighted the submerged U-boat and dived on it, firing into the water to mark the submarine's position. Chatelain steadied up on her sound bearing and moved in for the kill. A full pattern of depth charges set for a shallow target splashed into the water around the U-boat. As their detonations threw geysers of spray into the air, a large oil slick spread on the water; the fighter plane overhead radioed "You struck oil! Sub is surfacing!" Six and one-half minutes after Chatelain's first attack, U-505 broke the surface with its rudder jammed, lights and electrical machinery out, and water coming in.
[edit] Surface action
As the submarine broached only 700 yards from Chatelain, the escort opened fire with all automatic weapons that would bear and swept the U-boat's decks. Pillsbury, Lieutenant George W. Casselman, USNR, and Jenks, Lieutenant Commander Julius F. Way, USN, farther away, and the two Wildcats overhead all joined the shooting and added to the intense barrage. Wounded in the torrent of fire and believing that his submarine had been mortally damaged by Chatelain's depth charges, the commanding officer of U-505 quickly ordered his crew to abandon ship. So quickly was this command obeyed that scuttling measures were left incomplete and the submarine's engines continued to run.
The jammed rudder caused the partially-submerged U-505 to circle to the right at a speed near seven knots. Seeing the U-boat turning toward him, the commanding officer of Chatelain ordered a single torpedo fired at the submarine in order to forestall what appeared to be a similar attack on himself. The torpedo passed ahead of U-505, which by now appeared to be completely abandoned. About two minutes later, the escort division commander ordered cease fire and called away Pillsbury's boarding party.
[edit] Salvage operations
While Chatelain and Jenks picked up survivors, Pillsbury sent its motor whaleboat to the circling submarine where Lieutenant (junior grade) Albert David led the eight-man party on board. Despite the risk of U-505 sinking or blowing up at any minute and not knowing what form of resistance they might meet below, David and his men clambered up the conning tower and then down the hatches into the boat itself. After a quick examination proved the U-boat was completely deserted (except for one dead man on deck—the only fatality of the action), the boarders set about bundling up charts, code books, and papers, disconnecting demolition charges, closing valves, and plugging leaks. By the time the flood of water had been stopped, the U-boat was low in the water and down by the stern.
Meanwhile, Pillsbury twice went alongside the turning submarine to put over tow lines and each time the escort's side was pierced by the U-boat's bow plane. Finally, with three compartments flooded, she was forced to haul clear to attend to her own damage. The boarding party was then reinforced by a party from Guadalcanal. Led by Commander Earl Trosino, USNR, Chief Engineer of the Guadalcanal and a pre-war Merchant Marine chief engineer with Sunoco, the carrier's men completed temporary salvage measures, and took a towline from Guadalcanal. The salvage crew was later joined by Commander Colby G. Rucker, USN, who arrived with the seaplane tender Humbolt (AVP-21).
In an ingenious solution to the heavy flooding, under Trosino's direction the salvage crew disconnected the boat's diesels from her motors. This allowed the propellers to turn the shafts while under tow. After setting the main switches to charge the batteries, Guadalcanal towed the U-boat at high speed, turning the electric motors over and causing them to function as generators. This enabled the salvors to recharge the submarine's batteries. With power restored, the salvage crew could use the U-boat's own pumps and air compressors to finish pumping out seawater and bring her up to full surface trim. Gallery always credited Trosino's vast knowledge of marine engineering, far greater than the average naval officer's, with enabling the task group to keep the boat after they captured her.
After three days of towing, Guadalcanal was relieved of her burden by the fleet tug Abnaki (ATF-96). Arriving with the tug was the tanker Kennebec (AO-36), sent to provide much-needed fuel to the task group. On Monday, 19 June 1944, U-505 was brought into Port Royal Bay, Bermuda, after a tow of 1700 miles. U-505 was kept there in secrecy until the end of World War II.
[edit] Outcome of capture
The capture of codebooks on U-505 allowed Allied cryptanalysts to break the special "coordinate" code in enciphered German messages and determine more precise locations for U-boat operating areas. In addition to directing hunter-killer task groups to these locations, these coordinates enabled Allied convoy commanders to route shipping away from known U-boat locations, greatly inhibiting the effectiveness of German submarine patrols. The material captured from U-505 arrived at Bletchley Park on 20 June 1944, and, in addition to the coordinate code, included the regular and Offizier settings for June 1944, the current short weather codebook, and the short signal codebook and bigram tables due to come into effect in July and August respectively[1].
That the U-505 itself was captured and towed — rather than merely sunk after the codebooks had been taken — was considered to have endangered the Enigma secret, to the extent that Admiral King considered court-martialling Captain Gallery[1]. To protect the secret, the crew of U-505, who knew of the U-boat's capture, were isolated from other prisoners of war; the Red Cross were denied access to them, and their families were informed that they had all been killed[2].
Fifty-eight prisoners had been taken from the water during the action. One man had been killed and three (the commanding officer, executive officer, and one enlisted man of the U-boat) wounded. Lieutenant (jg) David's part in saving the abandoned submarine earned the Medal of Honor; Torpedoman's Mate Third Class Arthur W. Knispel and Radioman Second Class Stanley E. Wdowiak each received the Navy Cross; and Commander Trosino received the Legion of Merit. Captain Gallery, who had conceived and executed the operation, received the Distinguished Service Medal. The task group itself was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll, Commander in Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, cited the Task Group for "outstanding performance during anti-submarine operations in the eastern Atlantic on 4 June 1944, when the Task group attacked, boarded and captured the German submarine U-505...The Task Group's brilliant achievement in disabling, capturing, and towing to a United States base a modern enemy man-of-war taken in combat on the high seas is a feat unprecedented in individual and group bravery, execution, and accomplishment in the Naval History of the United States."
[edit] U-505 becomes a museum ship
As the U.S. Navy was far more interested in the advanced engineering design of fast underwater U-boats such as the streamlined Type XXI and Type XXIII submarines rather than the familiar fleet-boat types illustrated by U-505, the captured submarine was investigated by Navy intelligence and engineering officers during 1945 and then slated for disposal. The intention was to use the hulk for gunnery and torpedo target practice, a fate similar to those of many other captured enemy submarines.
In 1946, however, Father John Gallery learned of this plan from his brother, then-Admiral Daniel Gallery, and called the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) President Lenox Lohr to see if MSI would have an interest in saving U-505. The museum, established by Chicago businessman Julius Rosenwald as a center for "industrial enlightenment" and public science education, specialized in interactive exhibits, not just view displays and artifacts. Lohr immediately revealed 10-year-old plans to include a submarine in the exhibits of the museum and began a plan to bring U-505 to Chicago.
The people of Chicago raised US$250,000 to help prepare the boat for the tow and installation at the museum. In September 1954, U-505 was donated to Chicago at no cost to the U.S. Government. On 25 September 1954, U-505 was dedicated as a war memorial to all the sailors on both sides who lost their lives in the Battle of the Atlantic, and as a permanent exhibit. In 1989, U-505, the only Type IXC still in existence, was designated a National Historic Landmark. By 2004 the U-boat's exterior had suffered noticeable damage from weather, and on 8 April the museum began the multi-week process of moving the U-boat to a new underground, covered, climate-controlled location. Now in an enclosed area and protected from the elements, the restored U-505 reopened to the public on June 5, 2005.
When U-505 was donated to the Museum, she had been thoroughly stripped during the years she sat neglected alongside the dock. Admiral Gallery, working with the Museum in his spare time, contacted all of the German manufacturers who had supplied the components and parts that went into her, in hopes of restoring her to near-new condition. As the Admiral reported in his autobiograpy, Eight Bells and All's Well, he expected at best responses that boiled down to "Go to hell." However, to his and the Museum's surprise, every company supplied the requested parts without charge. Most included letters that said in effect, "We are sorry that you have our U-boat; but as long as you have her, we want her to be a credit to German industry."[citation needed]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b Hugh Sebag-Montefiore, "Enigma: Battle for the Code", 2000, p. 342, ISBN 0-7538-1130-8
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore, 2000, p. 343
Gallery, Daniel V. [1965]. Eight Bells and All's Well. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Gallery, Daniel V. (1978). U-505. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-32012-9
