Ulster Special Constabulary

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The Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) was a reserve force of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.

In the 1920s, the Royal Irish Constabulary began recruiting British paramilitary auxiliaries, the Black and Tans and Auxiliary Division. However, these only operated in the south and west of Ireland. In the northeast, the RIC was reinforced from 1 November 1920 by the Ulster Special Constabulary, largely recruited from the loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force, a separate orginisation from the modern paramilitary UVF. It was divided into three sections, all of which were armed:

A Specials - full-time and paid, but could not be posted outside their home areas (regular RIC officers could be posted anywhere in the country);
B Specials - part-time, usually on duty for one evening per week and serving under their own command structure, and unpaid, although they had a generous system of allowances; and
C Specials - unpaid, non-uniformed reservists, usually rather elderly and used for static guard duties near their homes.

Sir John Anderson, Joint Under-Secretary for Ireland, commented at the time on the Constabulary's recruitment policies, which seemed to draw heavily on members of the Orange Order: "... you cannot in the middle of a faction fight recognise one of the contending parties and expect it to deal with disorder in the spirit of impartiality and fairness essential in those who have to carry out the Orders of the Government." Recruitment went on as before.

It was the USC that was most often responsible for countering IRA attacks in the north, and like its southern counterparts it gained a reputation for brutality and was viewed by most Roman Catholics as a Protestant vigilante force. The first Special Constable to be killed was Robert Compston, who was shot in an ambush near Crossmaglen, in County Armagh. After partition in 1922 the USC remained in existence to support the Royal Ulster Constabulary, although many of its members joined the new force as regular police officers. After the Boundary Commission was abandoned in 1926 the A and C Specials were disbanded, leaving only the B Specials in existence. In border areas, many Protestants from the border counties of the Free State served with the B Specials. They remained in existence, and went on to form the nucleus of the Ulster Defence Volunteers (UDV). The UDV acted as the counterpart to the British Home Guard during World War II, being renamed the Ulster Home Guard in 1942. The B Specials were not disbanded, however, and they were mobilised again in 1955 until the early 1960s to deal with the IRA's Border Campaign. On 30 April 1970, they were finally stood down. Many subsequently joined the newly-established Ulster Defence Regiment.

One of the functions of the Ulster Special Constabulary was to provide the Governor's Guard, a detachment responsible for the security of the Governor of Northern Ireland, and stationed at his official residence, Hillsborough Castle, County Down, and his private residence.