Inukshuk

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Inuksuit at the Foxe Peninsula (Baffin Island)

An inuksuk (plural inuksuit) ^[1] (from the Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᒃᓱᒃ, plural ᐃᓄᒃᓱᐃᑦ; alternatively inukshuk in English ^[2] or inukhuk in Inuinnaqtun ^[3]) is a stone landmark used as a milestone or directional marker by the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic. Inuksuit differ from some cairns in significance. The Arctic Circle, dominated by permafrost, has few natural landmarks and thus the inuksuk was central to navigation across the barren tundra.

Inuksuit vary in shape and size, and perform a diverse array of tasks. It is a symbol with deep roots in the Inuit culture, a directional marker that signifies safety, hope and friendship.

1 Name
2 Modern usage
3 References
4 See also
5 External links

[edit] Name

Inunnguaq on Rankin Inlet in Nunavut.

The word inuksuk means "something which acts for or performs the function of a person." The word comes from the morphemes inuk ("person") and -suk ("ersatz or substitute"). It is pronounced inutsuk in Nunavik and the southern part of Baffin Island (see Inuit language phonology and phonetics for the linguistic reasons). In many of the central Nunavut dialects, it has the etymologically related name inuksugaq (plural: inuksugait).

Despite the predominant English spelling as inukshuk, both the Government of Nunavut ^[4] and the Government of Canada through Indian and Northern Affairs Canada ^[5] are promoting the Inuit preferred spelling inuksuk.

A structure similar to an inuksuk but meant to represent a human figure, called an inunnguaq (ᐃᓄᙳᐊᖅ, "imitation of a person", plural inunnguat), has become widely familiar to non-Inuit. However, it is not the most common type of inuksuk and is distinguished from inuksuit in general.

[edit] Modern usage

An inuksuk on the flag of Nunavut

An inuksuk is shown on the flag and Coat of Arms of the Canadian territory of Nunavut, and the flag of Nunatsiavut.

On July 13, 2005 Canadian military personnel erected an inuksuk on Hans Island, along with a plaque and a Canadian flag, as part of Canada's longstanding dispute with Denmark over the small arctic island. ^[6]

Logo of the 2010 Winter Olympics

An inunnguaq forms the basis of the logo of the 2010 Winter Olympics designed by Vancouver artist Elena Rivera MacGregor; its use in this context has been controversial, both among the Inuit and the First Nations of British Columbia. Although the design is under question, it is widely acknowledged that it pays tribute to the inuksuk that stands at Vancouver's English Bay, which was created by artisan Alvin Kanak of Rankin Inlet, Northwest Territories (which is now in the territory of Nunavut that separated from the Northwest Territories in 1999.) It was given as a gift to the city for the 1986 World Exposition. The land has since been donated to the city and it is now a protected site. Friendship and the welcoming of the world are the meanings of both the English Bay structure and the 2010 Winter Olympics emblem, with Kanak's creation having the additional representation of the strength of his people and the modes of communication and technology before modern Canada.

An inunnguaq is shown on the cover of the Rush album Test for Echo.

[edit] References

^ Spalding, Alex, Thomas Kusugak (1998). Inuktitut: A Multi-dialectal Outline Dictionary. ISBN 1-896204-29-5.
^ Inukshuk. Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Retrieved on 2006-06-13.
^ Ohokak, G., M. Kadlun, B. Harnum. Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary. Kitikmeot Heritage Society.
^ Symbols of Nunavut. Government of Nunavut. Retrieved on 2006-06-13.
^ Transcript of Sharing a Story: The Inuksuk. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Retrieved on 2006-06-13.
^ Press release from the Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Google cache copy.