International Solidarity Movement
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The International Solidarity Movement (ISM) was founded in 2001 by Ghassan Andoni, a Palestinian activist; and Neta Golan, an Israeli activist. Huwaida Arraf, a Palestinian-American; and Adam Shapiro, a Jewish-American; joined the movement in the summer of 2002.
The organisation recruits civilians from around the world to participate in acts of non-violent resistance against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and previously the Gaza Strip. The group has attracted criticism, as well as praise for its methods.
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[edit] Goals
ISM calls the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land the main obstacle to peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The group states four goals:
- To report the conditions under which Palestinians live and to protect them from physical violence by Israeli soldiers and settlers in alliance with Palestinian peace activists and through "creative resistance" efforts.
- To pressure international news media to provide coverage of "the illegality and brutality of the Occupation" in an effort to change public opinion regarding Israel's non-compliance with international law and U.S. foreign aid to Israel.
- To recruit volunteers from other nations to participate in non-violent resistance to the Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
- To establish divestment campaigns in the U.S. and Europe to put economic pressure on Israel in the same manner that international sanctions were applied against South Africa during the Apartheid era.
[edit] Tactics
Past ISM campaigns have used the following tactics:
- Acting as what they call "human shields" to deter military operations. Some ISM volunteers object to the use of the term human shield to describe their work because, they argue, in a Palestinian context the expression more usually refers to forced use of captive Palestinians by the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) when searching Palestinian neighbourhoods.
- Accompanying Palestinians to minimize alleged harassment by Israeli settlers or soldiers, for example ensuring that queues at Israeli checkpoints are processed efficiently and providing witnesses and intermediaries during annual olive harvests, which they say are often disrupted by settlers.
- Removing roadblocks. These are large unmanned mounds of earth and concrete on roads throughout the West Bank, and sometimes placed at the entrances of Palestinian villages by the IDF, thereby isolating those villages' inhabitants.
- Attempting to block military vehicles such as tanks and bulldozers.
- Violating Israeli curfew orders enforced on Palestinian areas.
- Interfering with the construction of the [West Bank barrier] and damaging the barrier.
- Entering areas designated as "closed military zones" by the Israeli military. The latter is not really a 'strategy', but a prerequisite for ISM being able to conduct many of the above activities. Confronting Israeli soldiers is a constant activity of the ISM recruits.
[edit] Noteworthy ISM events
- The ISM received extensive media coverage of its presence in Yasser Arafat's compound in Ramallah and at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.
- On April 2, 2002, Australian ISM volunteer Kate Edwards sustained severe internal injuries from shrapnel from rounds fired by Israeli forces during a protest in Beit Jala. The incident was captured on film and appears in the documentary by Palestinian film-maker Leila Sansour, Jeremy Hardy vs the Israeli Army.[1]
- On March 16, 2003, ISM volunteer Rachel Corrie was killed while trying to block an IDF armoured bulldozer engaged in demolishing a house. See below.
- On April 5, 2003, ISM volunteer Brian Avery was shot in the face by machine gun fire from an IDF armoured personnel carrier while he was outside in the street investigating the source of gunfire heard during an IDF enforced curfew.
- On April 11, 2003, ISM member Thomas Hurndall was left clinically brain dead after he was shot in the head by an IDF soldier during an armed firefight between Israeli soldiers and Palestinian soldiers. He died on January 13, 2004.
- ISM was nominated for the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize by Svend Robinson, a former New Democratic Party Member of the Parliament of Canada.
- Cofounder Ghassan Andoni was nominated for the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize along with Jeff Halper of the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions by the American Friends Service Committee.
- On Aug. 8, 2006, ISM activist Adam Shapiro announced that a group of ISM activists was travelling to southern Lebanon to attempt to deliver aid and show solidarity with suffering residents. [2]
[edit] Controversies regarding the ISM
[edit] Funding
According to a senior security government source, the International Solidarity Movement receives funds from both the Palestinian Authority and Hamas.[3] [3]
[edit] ISM's position on violence
The ISM's website describes the organization as a "non-violent movement". The website also says "As enshrined in international law and UN resolutions, we recognise the Palestinian right to resist Israeli violence and occupation via legitimate armed struggle. However, we believe that nonviolence can be a powerful weapon in fighting oppression and we are committed to the principles of nonviolent resistance." This has led some to question the organisation's commitment to non-violence. For example an article in the UK's Telegraph newspaper asserts that ISM is "the 'peace' group that embraces violence".[4] ISM disputes the accusations (see ISM links below).
According to a 2003 profile of ISM cofounder Adam Shapiro in the Jordan Star, Shapiro "justifies the Palestinian armed resistance against Israel as long as it is targeting Israeli soldiers and Jewish settlers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Otherwise, he is not in favor of suicide bombings."[5]
ISM cofounder George Rishmawi has defended the "need" for suicide bombing by theorizing that suicide bombing is caused by the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza:
- You are mistaken my friend. I am sorry to tell you this but you are. Well, When did the suicide bombing start? When did the occupation of the west Bank and Gaza started? When did the aggression against the Palestinian started?
- You need to know the source of the conflict and the source of the suffering that pushes people to kill themselves and others.
- I do not want to see anybody killed but we need to say that taking people's rights and freedom is the source of the problem and when this stops there should be not need for anymore killing. This is what we should advocate for it right now.[6] [7]
Various sources attribute to ISM the statement that suicide bombing is "noble".[8][9][10] This assertion appears to arise from an article entitled "Why Nonviolent Resistance is Important for the Palestinian Intifada", in which Huwaida Arraf and Adam Shapiro state:
- The Geneva Conventions accept that armed resistance is legitimate for an occupied people, and there is no doubt that this right cannot be denied. But that does not mean that this right must be utilized... Hamas claims it has many men ready to be suicide bombers – we advocate that these men offer themselves as martyrs by standing on a settler road and blocking it from traffic. This is no less of a jihad. This is no less noble than carrying out a suicide operation...
- The Palestinian resistance must take on a variety of characteristics, both non-violent and violent. But most importantly it must develop a strategy involving both aspects. No other successful nonviolent movement was able to achieve what it did without a concurrent violent movement – in India militants attacked British outposts and interests while Gandhi conducted his campaign, while the Black Panther Movement and its earlier incarnations existed side-by-side with the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.
[edit] The ISM and the Mike's Place bombing
ISM has been accused of being linked to the suicide bombers that attacked the Mike's Place bar in East Jerusalem on April 30, 2003, killing three people.
There are two primary sources behind this accusation. The first is an article that appeared in a May 2, 2003 article in the British newspaper The Guardian under the heading "Bombers posed as peace activists".[11] In a January 17, 2004 article in CNN's world edition,[12] which included parts of an interview with ISM volunteer Raphael Cohen, Cohen stated that the two bombers were among a group of about 15 people who visited an International Solidarity Movement apartment in Rafah, Gaza, on April 25, 2003. According to Cohen, after spending about 15 minutes in the apartment with the bombers, he, his colleagues and the 15 visitors (including the bombers), went to the site where Rachel Corrie was killed and placed a flower there. Following this, Cohen stated, the people "that visited us [then] went their own way."
The second source is a press release issued by the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs[13] which states "The two terrorists were careful to establish their presence in Judea and Samaria by forging links with foreign left wing activists and members of the International Solidarity Movement (ISM)". The release makes various other negative claims about ISM, but this is the only reference to the group in relation to the Mike's Place bombing. However, ISM states that the two did not contact ISM in the West Bank (Judea and Samaria) at all (see ISM press releases below).
In the wake of the bombing, the ISM issued two press releases: ISM Statement on Recent Bombings in Tel Aviv and ISM Demands Israeli Retraction and Apology Over Mike's Place Bombing.
[edit] Tom Hurndall
After the fatal shooting of ISM volunteer Tom Hurndall by an IDF soldier, IDF sources initially claimed that "at the time of his injury, Tom Hurndall was armed, wearing tiger fatigues, and shooting at an Israeli Defense Force outpost, taking cover behind a nearby building between shots." This was considerably at odds with the ISM's account, in which Hurndall was unarmed, dressed in the bright orange jacket of the International Solidarity Movement, and steering two Palestinian children away from a firing Israeli tank-mounted machine gun.[14]
Subsequently IDF Sergeant Idier Wahid Taysir, a Bedouin scout, admitted to fabricating his account of events. On 10 May 2004, Taysir's trial commenced on one charge of manslaughter in the death of Tom Hurndall, two counts of obstruction of justice, one count each of submitting false testimony, obtaining false testimony, and unbecoming behaviour. Hurndall's family are currently (August 2004) pressing for a murder charge through the Israeli courts.[15]
ISM statement on the killing of Tom Hurndall
In August 2005 Sgt. Taysir was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to a total of 8 years imprisonment, 7 years for the manslaughter of Hurndall and 1 year for obstruction of justice.
[edit] Militant in the Building
On March 27, 2003, Shadi Sukiya, who, according to Israel, was a senior Islamic Jihad member and participated in a number of thwarted armed attacks attacks,[16][17] was arrested in a building in Jenin where the ISM, the Red Cross, and Médecins Sans Frontières rent offices. See the Shadi Sukiya page for more details.
A poster giving his name as "ISM - TOOLS OF TERROR AND LEGITIMATE TARGETS" on the open-publishing Indymedia UK website states that ISM member Susan Barclay was deported from Israel for allegedly giving "safe house" assistance to Islamic Jihad militant Shadi Sukiya by hiding him in the ISM office in Jenin. [18]. It was subsequently pointed out that Susan Barclay was in the United States at the time of Sukiya's arrest. The Israel Defence Force and the Associated Press were later forced to issue retractions of earlier reports that firearms were found in the ISM apartment. A full account of this incident is given in an article on San Francisco Indymedia [19].
In an interview with the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Ms. Barclay "acknowledged that in organizing a non-violent February march on an Israel-imposed gate that divided eastern and western Nablus, she worked with civilian representatives from [Hamas and Islamic Jihad]", both of which are on the U.S. State Department's list of foreign terrorist organizations.[20]
[edit] Advice on how to enter the Gaza and the West Bank
Access to Gaza and the West Bank has been controlled by Israel, and it is Israeli policy to deny access to ISM activists. ISM volunteers can only gain access to the occupied territories by deceiving Israeli border officials. In 2003 Israel's Foreign Ministry’s Information Chief Gideon Meir pointed out precise instructions on its website on how to hoodwink Israeli border officials. "… you have to have a really good story about why you are coming, and must not mention anything about ISM or knowing, liking or planning to visit Palestinians," the website advises. "You must play it as though your visit is for other Israel-based reasons, like tourism, religion, visiting an Israeli friend, etc. So do a little research and put together a story... For example, if you say you are visiting a friend in Jerusalem, you should have the name and phone number of a real Israeli person…" Until late January of 2005 the ISM website's FAQ section had as a response to the question "On your web-site, you give advice to volunteers on how to lie to the Israeli authorities so you can get into the country and the occupied areas. Why tell lies?" the justification that "Under both Israeli and International law, we should have the right, as international observers, to visit both Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories."[21][22] The explicit advice on how to lie to Israeli officials, and the justification for doing so, have since been removed from the website, though the group's Information Pack still advises activists to "have a good story prepared about why you are coming to ISRAEL" and to "have a good story when you arrive."
[edit] Rachel Corrie
- Main article: Rachel Corrie
Controversy surrounds the circumstances of ISM volunteer Rachel Corrie's death. She was killed as she attempted to block an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) bulldozer conducting military operations in Rafah in the Gaza Strip on March 16, 2003. An internal IDF investigation concluded that Corrie's death was an accident but pro-Palestinian ISM eyewitnesses vehemently dispute this account, contending that the bulldozer driver deliberately struck Corrie as she was protesting in plain view. The activities of the bulldozer she was blocking are also subject to disagreement - ISM claim it was preparing to demolish the home of a Palestinian pharmacist. Other accounts claimed the bulldozer was not near a house but was removing shrubbery covering an arms smuggling tunnel. According to an article in Mother Jones magazine,[23] hotly disputed by the ISM, Israeli authorities claimed that the crew's assignment was to sweep the area for booby traps planted by militants.[24] The IDF itself has never explicitly claimed that the house contained a tunnel and no tunnels or booby traps were found when the home was eventually demolished 9 months later or at any time prior to its demolition.
Shortly after Corrie's death, the ISM placed photographs on a website which it claimed showed the events leading up to Corrie's death. AP, Reuters, and many Internet discussion pages reported that the photographs showed two (perhaps three) different bulldozers and inconsistent pictures of the sun's movement across the skies. The ISM then changed the site to show a more consistent group of photographs. According to Mother Jones, this incident damaged the ISM's image and its relationship with the media.
[edit] ISM and related statements about the death of Rachel Corrie
George Rishmawi of the ISM told the San Francisco Chronicle that "When Palestinians get shot by Israeli soldiers, no one is interested anymore. But if some of these foreign volunteers get shot or even killed, then the international media will sit up and take notice."[25]
ISM activist Joseph Smith (actual name 'Joseph Carr'), who was present when Corrie died, said, "The spirit that she died for is worth a life. This idea of resistance, this spirit of resisting this brutal occupying force, is worth anything. And many, many, many Palestinians give their lives for it all the time. So the life of one international, I feel, is more than worth the spirit of resisting oppression."[26]
Others have furiously objected to the media attention of Rachel Corrie who willfully put herself in danger's way, as opposed to non-threatening people killed by Palestinians. Indeed, the large majority foreigners killed during the Intifada had been killed by Palestinians.
[edit] Legal action against ISM
Huwaida Arraf and French ISM activist Angela Coppin were charged with violating a court order barring them from the area of Bidou, near Jerusalem where the Israeli West Bank barrier was under construction. According to reports in Israeli newspapers, Bidou and its environs have been the site of numerous violent attacks resulting in hospitalization of some workers constructing the barrier and some police personnel. Bidou is also the site of various protests.The two were arrested in April 2004 and ordered by the court at that time to distance themselves from the area of Bidou.
[edit] Alleged Palestinian complaints
In November 2005, articles in the Jerusalem weekly Kol HaIr and on the website of Arutz Sheva, a right-wing Jewish news agency, alleged that Palestinian leaders in Hebron asked for the assistance of their Jewish neighbours in expelling disruptive ISM members from the area, whom they described as anarchists. The alleged anarchists, connected to an ISM-related group working in the Tel Rumeida neighborhood of Hebron [27], were accused of exposing Palestinian children to sexual impropriety and illicit drug use.
These claims were contested[28] by a Jewish journalist and activist living in Jerusalem, Daniel Sieradski. Relying on information provided to him by members of the Israeli anarchist movement, Sieradski suggests that Palestinian concerns were provoked by an Israeli Jew of Arab descent, Itzik Magrefata, who is pursuing a personal vendetta against one Israeli anarchist whom he blames for the break-up of his marriage. Sieradski goes on to argue that a request for Jewish assistance by the Palestinian residents of Hebron would be unlikely. He further alleges that the incident was concocted by the right-wing Jewish leadership in Hebron, which Sieradski claims has a vested interest in barring humanitarian organizations and watchdog groups from the area, and which Magrefata is known to be affiliated with.
[edit] References
- ^ Jeremy Hardy vs the Israeli Army (documentary)
- ^ Activists trickle to Lebanon to protest Israel war (via Yahoo! News)
- ^ Joel Leyden, "Initial IDF Report: Shot Palestinian Activist May Have Fired First," Jerusalem Post, April 12, 2003.
- ^ [[[Media:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/01/15/whurn215.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/01/15/ixhome.htmlx ]] The 'peace' group that embraces violence] (via Telegraph)
- ^ ISM: Support for Terrorism Reference
- ^ ISM: Support for Terrorism Reference
- ^ [1]
- ^ Letters (December 21, 2004)
- ^ Church embraces terror backers, by Seva Brodsky
- ^ Duke to Host Pro-Palestinian Arab Terror Conference
- ^ Bombers posed as peace activists (via The Guardian)
- ^ Bombers visited activist group before Tel Aviv attack (via CNN)
- ^ Details of April 30, 2003 Tel Aviv suicide bombing (via Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
- ^ Solidarity With Terrorists (via Front Page Magazine)
- ^ tomhurndall.co.uk
- ^ Senior Islamic Jihad militant arrested while hiding in the offices of the International Solidarity (via Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
- ^ [2] (via ynet)
- ^ ISM Reports: Israel Refuses Bail To The Eight ISM Prisoners (via Indymedia)
- ^ Mother Jones Smears Rachel Corrie (via Indymedia)
- ^ Activist's death focuses spotlight on Mideast struggle (via Seattle Post-Intelligencer)
- ^ ISM FOQ
- ^ LGF's new low
- ^ The Death of Rachel Corrie
- ^ The Death of Rachel Corrie
- ^ S.F. Jewish activist held as security threat in Israel (via San Francisco Chronicle)
- ^ Was This House Worth Her Life?
- ^ The Tel Rumeida Project
- ^ Exposing The Fallacies of A7’s Kahanist Smear Story Against Anarchists
[edit] External links
- Seattle Post-Intelligencer article about Rachel Corrie in theater
- C. Seitz, ISM at the crossroads: the evolution of the International Solidarity Movement, Journal of Palestine Studies 22, 4 (Summer 2003), 50-62.
- Peace Under Fire: Israel/Palestine and the International Solidarity Movement. Edited by Josie Sandercock, Radhika Sainath, Marissa McLaughlin, Hussein Khalili , Nicholas Blincoe, Huwaida Arraf and Ghassan Andoni. 2004; Verso:London
- International Solidarity Movement (official)
- ISM FAQ's
- Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions
- Jeremy Hardy v. The Israeli Army
- The Tom Hurndall Fund - website dedicated to ISM volunteer Thomas Hurndall who died as a result of being shot by an IDF sniper
- The Rachel Corrie memorial website - website dedicated to Rachel Corrie, who died as a result of being struck by an IDF bulldozer
- Guardian article about Adam Shapiro, his wife Huwaida Arraf and the ISM
- Profile of ISM founder Adam Shapiro from the Israeli Haaretz newspaper
- NGO Monitor - (Israeli website promoting 'accountability of human rights NGOs' in Palestine) on the International Solidarity Movement.
- International Solidarity Movement by senior Israeli columnist Nahum Barnea, original published in Yedioth Ahronoth.
- Adam Shapiro: Recheck the facts - ISM member Adam Shapiro (often referred to as a founder of ISM) responds to "terrorist" accusations.
- StopTheISM.com
- Adam Shapiro Ranks As a Mideast Hero, New York Newsday article
- Getting to the Grassroots of the Middle East conflict
