Impeachment in the United States
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Impeachment in the United States is an expressed power of the legislature which allows for formal charges to be brought against a high official of government for conduct committed in office. The trial or removal of an official is separate from the act of impeachment. Typically, the lower house of the legislature will impeach the official and the upper house will conduct the trial.
At the Federal level, the House of Representatives has the sole power of impeaching the President, Vice President and all other civil officers of the United States. Officials can be impeached for: "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." The United States Senate has the sole power to try all impeachments. The removal of impeached officials is automatic upon conviction in the Senate.
Impeachment can also occur at the state level; state legislatures can impeach state officials, including governors, according to their respective constitutions.
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[edit] Federal impeachment
Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution states:
- The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
[edit] House of Representatives
Impeachment proceedings may be commenced by a member of the House of Representatives on his or her own initiative by either presenting a listing of the charges under oath, or by placing a resolution in the hopper for referral to the appropriate committee. The impeachment process may be triggered by non-members, for example: when the Judicial Conference of the United States suggests a federal judge be impeached; a Special Prosecutor advises the House of information which he or she believes constitutes grounds for impeachment; by message from the President; or by a charge from a State or territorial legislature or grand jury; or by petition.
The type of Impeachment resolution determines which committee it will be referred to. A resolution impeaching a particular individual is typically referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary. A resolution to authorize an investigation regarding impeachable conduct is referred to the House Committee on Rules, which then is then referred to the Judiciary Committee. The House Committee on the Judiciary, by majority vote, will determine whether grounds for impeachment exist. If the Committee finds grounds for impeachment they will set forth specific allegations of misconduct in one or more "articles of impeachment." The Impeachment Resolution, or Article(s) of Impeachment, are then reported to the full House with the committee's recommendations.
The House debates the resolution and may at the conclusion consider the resolution as a whole or vote on each article of impeachment individually. A simple majority of those present and voting is required for each article or the resolution as a whole to pass. If the House votes to impeach, managers are selected to present the case to the Senate. Recently, managers have been selected by resolution, while historically the House would occasionally elect the managers or pass a resolution allowing the Speaker of the House to appoint managers at his discretion.
Also, the House will adopt a resolution in order to notify the Senate of its action. After receiving the notice, the Senate will adopt an order notifying the House that it is ready to receive the managers. The house managers will then appear before the bar of the Senate to impeach the individual involved and exhibit the articles against him or her. After the reading of the charges, the managers return and make a verbal report to the House.
[edit] Senate
The proceedings unfold in the form of a trial, with each side having the right to call witnesses and perform cross-examinations. House members presenting the prosecution case — in the conduct of the trial styled "managers" — for the purposes of the trial only have full access to the floor of the Senate chamber, a privilege ordinarily denied House members. Senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they will perform their duties honestly and with due diligence, as opposed to the British Lords, who vote upon their honour. The hearing requires a simple majority of the Senators as a quorum. After the hearing the deliberations take place in private, conviction requires a two-thirds majority. The Senate may vote thereafter to punish the individual only by removing her or him from office, or by barring her or him from holding future office, or both. Alternatively, it may impose no punishment. But in the case of executive officers, removal follows automatically upon conviction. The defendant remains liable to criminal prosecution. The President may not in any case use his power of pardon in a case of impeachment, but may, as usual, pardon a defendant in the case of a criminal prosecution.
Beginning in the 1980s, the Senate began using "Impeachment Trial Committees" pursuant to Senate Rule XII. These committees presided over the evidentiary phase of the trials, hearing the evidence and supervising the examination and cross-examination of witnesses. The committees would then compile the evidentiary record and present it to the Senate; all senators would then have the opportunity to review the evidence before the chamber voted to convict or acquit. The purpose of the committees was to streamline impeachment trials, which otherwise would have taken up a great deal of the chamber's time. Defendants challenged the use of these committees, claiming them to be a violation of their fair trial rights as well as the Senate's constitutional mandate, as a body, to have "sole power to try all impeachments." Several impeached judges sought court intervention in their impeachment proceedings on these grounds, but the courts generally refused to become involved.
[edit] History
In writing Article II, Section 4, George Mason had favored impeachment for "maladministration," i.e., incompetence, but James Madison, who favored impeachment only for criminal behavior, carried the issue. [1]
Congress traditionally regards impeachment as a power to use only in extreme cases; the House of Representatives has initiated impeachment proceedings only 62 times since 1789. Impeachments of only the following seventeen federal officers have taken place:
- Two presidents: Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton, both acquitted.
- One cabinet officer, acquitted after he had resigned.
- One Senator, expelled and charges dismissed.
- Thirteen federal judges, including Associate Justice Samuel Chase in 1805.
In addition, Richard Nixon decided to resign in the face of the near certainty of both his impeachment, which had already been approved by the House Judiciary Committee, and his conviction by the Senate.
But even with such rarity in impeachment proceedings, both historians and contemporary opponents of certain trials have voiced arguments that some impeachments were relatively frivolous and politically motivated.
The 1799 impeachment of Tennessee Senator William Blount stalled on the grounds that the Senate lacked jurisdiction over Blount. Because, in a separate action unrelated to the impeachment procedure, the Senate had already expelled Blount, the lack of jurisdiction may have been either because Blount was no longer a Senator, or because Senators are not "civil officers" of the United States who are subject to impeachment. At any rate, no other member of Congress has ever been impeached. Of the remaining cases, two did not come to trial because the individuals had left office. Each of the seven Senate convictions has involved a federal judge: in one such case, Alcee Hastings subsequently gained election as a member of the House of Representatives, which had impeached him.
The House of Representatives impeached President Clinton on December 19, 1998 on grounds of perjury to a grand jury (voting 228-206) and obstruction of justice (221-212). Two other articles of impeachment failed — a second count of perjury in the Paula Jones case (205-229), and one accusing Clinton of abuse of power (148-285). The Senate impeachment trial lasted from January 7, 1999 until February 12. No witnesses were called during the trial. A two-thirds majority, 67 votes, would have been necessary to remove the President from office. Both charges were defeated: perjury (45-55) and obstruction of justice (50-50).
[edit] Officials impeached
[edit] Notes
1 During the impeachment trial of Senator Blount, it was argued that the House of Representatives did not have the power to impeach members of either House of Congress; though the Senate never explicitly ruled on this argument, the House has never again impeached a member of Congress. The Constitution allows either House to expel one of its members by a two-thirds vote, which the Senate had done to Blount on the same day the House impeached him (but before the Senate heard the case).
2 Judge Nixon later challenged the validity of his removal from office on procedural grounds; the challenge was ultimately rejected as nonjusticiable by the Supreme Court in Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224 (1993)
[edit] Impeachment attempts
While actually impeaching a federal public official is a rare event, demands for impeachment, especially of presidents, are extremely common,[1] going back to the administration of George Washington in the mid-1790s. In fact, most of the 63 resolutions mentioned above were in response to presidential actions.
While almost all of them were for the most part frivolous and were buried as soon as they were introduced, several did have their intended effect. Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon and Supreme court Justice Abe Fortas both resigned in response to the threat of impeachment hearings, and most famously, President Nixon left office after the House Judiciary committee had already reported articles of impeachment to the floor. Two attempts to impeach a president made it all the way to a full House vote and failed: John Tyler in 1843, and Andrew Johnson in 1867. In addition, the original mandate of the joint committee investigating the Iran Contra affair was to look for evidence that might lead to the impeachment of President Reagan.
The misuse of the House's impeachment power for malicious reasons must also be noted: The 1970 impeachment hearings regarding Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas wasted a great deal of time and effort on the part of then-Rep. Gerald Ford and others, and the 1860 Covode Committee caused its target, President James Buchanan, a great deal of grief before releasing its embarrassing report just before that year's presidential election.
In December of 2005, Rep. John Conyers chaired a subcommittee on the possible actions against the second President Bush.
[edit] Impeachment in the states
State legislatures can impeach state officials, including governors. The court for the trial of impeachments may differ somewhat from the federal model – in New York, for instance, the Assembly (lower house) impeaches, and the State Senate tries the case, but the members of the seven-judge New York State Court of Appeals (the state's highest, constitutional court) sit with the senators as jurors as well (NYS Constitution, Article VI, §24). Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States, usually for corruption charges. A total of eight U.S. state governors have faced impeachment; a ninth, Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma, escaped impeachment by a single vote in 1912. As of 2005 the most recent impeachment of a U.S. state governor took place in Arizona and resulted in the removal of Governor Evan Mecham in 1988; several others, most recently Connecticut's John G. Rowland, have resigned rather than face impeachment, when events seemed to make it appear inevitable.
The procedure for impeachment, or removal, of local officials varies widely. For instance, in New York a mayor is removed directly by the governor "upon being heard" on charges - the law makes no further specification of what charges are necessary or what the governor must find in order to remove a mayor.
[edit] Impeached State Governors
| Date | Accused | Office | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1871 | William Woods Holden | Governor of North Carolina | Removed |
| 1872 | Henry C. Warmoth | Governor of Louisiana | "suspended from office"[2] |
| August 1913 | William Sulzer | Governor of New York | Removed |
| 1917 | James E. Ferguson | Governor of Texas | Resigned, but declared ineligible to hold office |
| October 23, 1923 | John C. Walton | Governor of Oklahoma | Removed |
| January 21, 1929 | Henry S. Johnston | Governor of Oklahoma | Removed |
| 1929 | Huey P. Long | Governor of Louisiana | Acquitted |
| February 8, 1988 | Evan Mecham | Governor of Arizona | Removed |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Tentative description of a dinner given to promote the impeachment of President Eisenhower: [poem] by Lawrence Ferlinghetti; City Lights Books: (1958)
