Il trovatore
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Il Trovatore (The Troubadour) is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Leone Emanuele Bardare and Salvatore Cammarano, based on the play El Trobador by Antonio García Gutiérrez. First performance: Teatro Apollo, Rome, January 19, 1853. A staple in the standard operatic repertoire, Il Trovatore is, according to Opera America, the seventeenth most performed opera in North America. In 1857 Verdi revised the opera for Paris as Il trouvere and added a ballet.
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[edit] Dramatis Personae
- Count Luna (baritone)
- Manrico, his brother, a troubadour (tenor)
- Azucena, a gypsy, his foster mother (mezzo)
- Leonora, in love with Manrico and courted by Luna (soprano)
- Ferrando, Luna's officer (bass)
- Ines, Leonora's friend (soprano)
- Ruiz, Manrico's ally (tenor)
- An old gypsy (bass)
- A messenger (tenor)
- Leonora's friends, nuns, the Count's lackeys, warriors, gypsies.
[edit] Plot
[edit] Act I
The guard room in the castle of Luna (The Palace of Aljaferia, Zaragoza, Spain). Fernando, the captain of the guards, orders the guards to keep watch while Di Luna wanders restlessly beneath the windows of Leonora, lady-in-waiting to the Princess, whom he loves. Luna's heart is torn with jealousy against his fortunate rival, the troubadour Manrico. In order to keep the guards awake, Ferrando narrates the history of the count to the guard. (Fernando: "Once upon a time a father of two sons lived happily.") It appears that a Gypsy of dreadful aspect had once exercised her magic arts upon the little brother of the count, making the child weak and ill, and for this had been burnt alive as a witch. Dying, she had commanded her daughter Azucena to avenge her, which vengeance had been partially accomplished by the carrying off of the child. Although no news had been heard of him, the father refused to believe in his son's death, and dying, commanded his son, Count di Luna, to seek for the Gypsy. Change of scene: Garden in the palace of the princess. Leonora confesses her love for Manrico to her confidante, Inez. ("The story of love.") When they have gone, Count Luna hears the voice of his rival. (Manrico, behind the scenes: "Alone and forsaken am I.") Leonora in the darkness mistakes the count for her lover, when Manrico himself enters the garden, and she rushes to his arms. The count recognises Manrico as his enemy, who has been condemned to death, and compels him to fight. Leonara tries to intervene but cannot stop them from fighting. Manrico could have killed the count but, as he explains later to his mother, he mysteriously restrains himself, and escapes.
[edit] Act II
Camp of the gypsies. The gypsies sing the famous "Anvil Chorus". Manrico at the bedside of his mother, Azucena (Chorus: "See the clouds in heaven's vault."), the daughter of the Gypsy burnt by the count. She is old, but still nurses her vengeance. (Aria: "Flames rise to heaven.") The gypsies break up camp while Azucena confesses to Manrico that after stealing him she had intended to burn the count's little son, but had thrown her own child into the flames instead. Manrico realises that he is not the son of Azucena, but loves her as if she were indeed his mother, as she has always been faithful and loving to him. A messenger arrives and reports that Leonora, who believes Manrico dead, is about to take the veil. Manrico rushes away to prevent her from following out this purpose. Change of scene: Before the convent. Luna and his attendants intend to abduct Leonora. (Aria: "Her enlightening smile.") Leonora and the nuns appear in procession, but Manrico prevents Luna from carrying out his plans and instead, joins Leonora and proposes matrimony.
[edit] Act III
Luna's camp. (Chorus: "In the midst of conflict.") Fernando brings in the captured Azucena. She is recognised by Luna and sentenced to be burnt. Change of scene: Chamber in the castle, which is besieged by Manrico. Leonora and Manrico live only for each other. (Aria, Manrico: "Yes, I am yours forever.") Ruiz, Manrico's comrade, reports that Azucena is to be burned at the stake. Manrico flies to her aid. (Stretta: "Of the funeral pyre.") Leonora faints.
[edit] Act IV
Before the dungeon keep. Leonora attempts to free Manrico, who has been captured by Luna. (Miserere of the prisoners and aria of Manrico in the turret: "Born on rosette wings.") Leonora begs Luna for mercy and offers herself in place of her lover. She promises to give herself to the count, but intends to take poison before the marriage. Change of scene: Manrico and Azucena. Manrico attempts to soothe Azucena, whose mind wanders. (Duet: "Home to our mountains.") At last the gypsy slumbers. Leonora comes to Manrico and tells him that he is saved, begs him to escape. When he discovers she cannot accompany him, he refuses to leave his prison. He believes Leonora has betrayed him until he realizes that she has taken poison to remain true to him. As she dies in agony in Manrico's arms she confesses that she prefers to die with him than to marry another. The count enters to find Leonora dead on his rival's arms and orders Manrico to be led to execution. Azucena arises from her couch and when Luna, dragging her to a window, shows her the dying Manrico, she cries in triumph: "He was your brother. Now my mother really is avenged!" and falls dead at his feet. The opera ends with the count screaming in despair.
[edit] Reference
- Plot taken from The Opera Goer's Complete Guide by Leo Melitz, 1921 version.
[edit] Noted Arias
- Abbietta zingara
- Tacea la notte, placida
- "Anvil Chorus"
- Stride La Vampa
- Condotta ell' era in ceppi
- Mal reggendo all' aspro assalto
- Il balen del suo sorriso
- Ah! si ben mio
- Di quella pira
- D'Amor Sull'Ali Rosee
- "Miserere"
- Colui vivra.. Vivra.. contende il giubilo
- Ai nostri monti
[edit] Trivia
- This opera is the production that the Marx brothers throw into comic chaos in the film A Night at the Opera.
