Diatonic function

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A diatonic function, in tonal music theory, is the specific, recognized roles of notes or chords in relation to the key.

Three general and inseparable essential features of harmonic function in tonal music are that:

Position within a gamut (the available collection) of notes determines a note's function
Each note within the gamut is a generator and collector of other notes in the gamut, in other words both the root and its chord exercise function, and
Exercise and identification of function depends on musical behaviour or structure. (Wilson 1992, p.33)

A fourth feature is the ambiguity that arises from the use of the same terms to describe functions across all temporal spans of a hierarchical structure from the surface to the deepest level, and that the longer term or deeper functions act as a center for shorter higher level ones and that the functions of each tend to counteract each other (ibid).

Pandiatonic music is diatonic music without the use of diatonic functions.

1 Diatonic functions of notes and chords
2 Functional behaviours
3 See also
4 Further reading
5 Sources

[edit] Diatonic functions of notes and chords

Each degree of a scale, as well as many chromatically-altered notes, has a different diatonic function as does each chord built upon those notes. A pitch or pitch class and its enharmonic equivalents have different meanings. For example, a C♯ cannot substitute for a D♭, even though in equal temperament they are identical pitches, because the D♭ can serve as the third of a B♭ minor chord while a C♯ cannot, and the C♯ can serve as the fifth degree of an F♯ major scale while a D♭ cannot.

In theory as commonly taught in the US, there are seven different functions, while in Germany, from the theories of Hugo Riemann, there are only three, and functions besides the tonic, subdominant and dominant are named as "parallels" (US: relatives) to those functions. For instance in C major an A minor is the Tonic parallel or Tp. German musicians use only upper case note letter and Roman numeral abbreviations, while in the US often upper and lower-case are used to designate major and augmented, and minor and diminished, respectively. (Gjerdingen, 1990)

As d'Indy summarizes: "(1) There is only one chord, a perfect chord; it alone is consonant because it alone generates a feeling of repose and balance; (2) this chord has two different forms, major and minor, depending whether the chord is composed of a minor third over a major third, or a major third over a minor; (3) this chord is able to take on three different tonal functions, tonic, dominant, or subdominant." (1903, p.116)

In the United States, Germany, and other places the diatonic functions are:

Function	Roman Numeral	German	German abbreviation
Tonic	I	Tonic	T
Supertonic	ii	Subdominant parallel/Tonic counter parallel	Sp/tKp
Mediant	iii	Dominant parallel/Tonic counter parallel	Dp/Tkp
Sub-Dominant	IV	Subdominant	S
Dominant	V	Dominant	D
Sub-Mediant	vi	Tonic parallel	Tp
Leading/Subtonic	vii	incomplete Dominant seventh	diagonally slashed D⁷

Note that the ii, iii, vi, and vii are lowercase; this is because in relation to the key, they are minor chords. Without accidentals, the vii is a diminished vii°.

The degrees listed according to function, in hierarchical order according to importance or centeredness (related to the tonic): I, V, IV, vi, iii, ii, vii°. The first three chords are major, the next minor, and the last diminished.

The tonic, subdominant, and dominant chords, in root position, each followed by its parallel. The parallel is formed by raising the fifth a whole tone; the root position of the parallel chords is indicated by the small noteheads.

[edit] Functions in the minor mode

In the US the minor mode or scale is considered a variant of the major, while in German theory it is often considered, per Riemann, the inversion of the major. In the late eighteenth-early nineteenth centuries a large amount of symmetrical chords and relations were known as "dualistic" harmony. The root of a major chord is its bass note in first inversion or normal form at the bottom of a third and fifth, but, symmetrically, the root of a major chord is the US fifth of a first inversion minor chord, and the US root is the "fifth". The plus and degree symbols, + and ^o are used to denote that the lower tone of the fifth is the root, as in major, +d, or the higher, as in minor, ^od. Thus, if the major tonic parallel is the tonic, with the fifth raised a whole tone, then the minor tonic is the tonic with the US root/German fifth lowered a whole tone. (Gjerdingen, 1990)

Major			Minor
Parallel	Note letter in C	US name	Parallel	Note letter in C	US name
Tp	A minor	Submediant	tP	Eb major	Mediant
Sp	D minor	Supertonic	sP	Ab major	Submediant
Dp	E minor	Mediant	dP	Bb major	Subtonic

The minor tonic, subdominant, dominant, and their parallels, created by lowering the fifth (German)/root (US) a whole tone.

If chords may be formed by raising (major) or lowering (minor) the fifth a whole step, they may also be formed by lowering (major) or raising (minor) the root a half-step to wechsel, the leading tone or leitton. These chords are Leittonwechselklänge, sometimes called gegenklang or "contrast chord". (Gjerdingen, 1990)

Leittonwechselklänge
Major			Minor
Tl	Sl	Dl	tL	sL	dL
E minor	A minor	B minor	Ab major	Db major	Eb major

Major Leittonwechselklänge, formed by lowering the root a half step.

Minor Leittonwechselklänge, formed by raising the root (US)/fifth (German) a half step.

[edit] Quotes

Three categories can appear in any one of three chordal guises in either of two modes, eighteen positions in all: T, Tp, Tl, t, tP, tL, S, Sp, Sl, s, sP, sL, D, Dp, Dl, d, dP, dL. Why all this complexity? Perhaps the central reason is that this ingenious, occasionally convoluted system enabled Riemann to achieve a grand and masterful synthesis of both the old and the new in late 19-century music. Ostensibly remote triads could be interpreted through the traditional terms of the I-IV-V-I, or now T-S-D-T, cadential schema. A sequence of Ab-major, Bb-major, and C-major chords, for example, could be neatly interpreted as a subdominant (sP) to dominant (dP) to tonic (T) progression in C-major, a reading of these chords not without support in certain late-Romantic cadences. And a chord that often perplexes harmony students, the Neapolitan chord Db major in a C-major context, could be shown to be nothing more than a minor-mode subdominant Leittonwechselklang (sL). — (Gjerdingen, 1990, p.xiii-xiv)

Some may at first be put off by the overt theorizing apparent in German harmony, wishing perhaps that a choice be made once and for all between Riemann's Funktionstheorie and the older Stufentheorie, or possibly believing that so-called linear theories have settled all earlier disputes. Yet this ongoing conflict between antithetical theories, with its attendant uncertainties and complexities, has special merits. In particular, whereas an English-speaking student may falsely believe that he or she is learning harmony "as it really is," the German student encounters what are obviously theoretical constructs and must deal with them accordingly. — (Gjerdingen, 1990, p.xv)

[edit] Circle of fifths

Another theory regarding harmonic functionality is that "functional succession is explained by the circle of fifths (in which, therefore, scale degree II is closer to the dominant than scale degree IV)." According to Goldman's Harmony in Western Music, "the IV chord is actually, in the simplest mechanisms of diatonic relationships, at the greatest distance from I. In terms of the circle of fifths, it leads away from I, rather than toward it." (1965, p.68) Thus the progression I-ii-V-I would comply more with tonal logic. However, Goldman (ibid., chapter 3), as well as Jean-Jacques Nattiez, points out that "the chord on the fourth degree appears long before the chord on II, and the subsequent final I, in the progression I-IV-vii^o-iii-vi-ii-V-I." (Nattiez 1990, p. 226) Goldman also points out that, "historically the use of the IV chord in harmonic design, and especially in cadences, exhibits some curious features. By and large, one can say that the use of IV in final cadences becomes more common in the nineteenth century than it was in the eighteenth, but that it may also be understood as a substitute for the ii chord when it precedes V. It may also be quite logically construed as an incomplete ii⁷ chord (lacking root)." (1968, p.68) However, Nattiez calls this, "a narrow escape: only the theory of a ii chord without a root allows Goldman to maintain that the circle of fifths is completely valid from Bach to Wagner." (1990, p.226)

[edit] Tonicization and modulation

Functions during or after modulations and especially tonicizations are often notated in relation to the function, in the original key, which the tonicization was to. Sometimes called "function of function", for example, in C major, a D major chord root, is notated as II, but during a tonicization on G major, it would be notated, as in G major, V, as it is the dominant of (in C major) the dominant, it is notated V/V (five of five). For example, the twelve bar blues turnaround, I-V-IV-I, considered tonally inadmissible, may be interpreted as a doubled plagal cadence, IV/V-V-IV-I (IV/V-I/V, IV/I-I/I).

[edit] Functional behaviours

From the viewpoint of musical behaviour or structure there are five functions:

Tonic: I
Dominant: V and vii
Subdominant: IV
Dominant preparation
Tonic substitution or extension

The dominant, dominant preparation and the tonic substitution all involve more than one scale degree with only the tonic and subdominant containing only one scale degree. Several scale degrees exercise more than one function. (Wilson 1992, p.35)

The tonic includes four separate activities or roles as the:

Principal goal tone or event
Initiating event
Generator of other tones, and the
Stable center neutralizing the tension between dominant and subdominant,

while the dominant has only the role of creating instability that requires the tonic or goal-tone for release. The subdominant also acts as a dominant preparation. A tonic extension is an elaboration of an initiating event while substitution is an alteration of a cadential point or goal tone. Many of these functions may still be found in post-tonal music. (ibid, p.37-39)

[edit] See also

chord progression

[edit] Further reading

Innig, Renate (1970). System der Funktionsbezeichnung in den Harmonielehren seit Hugo Riemann. Düsseldorf: Gesellschaft zur Förderung der systematischen Musikwissenschaft.

[edit] Sources

Gjerdingen, Robert O. (1990). "A Guide to the Terminology of German Harmony", Studies in the Origin of Harmonic Tonality by Dahlhaus, Carl, trans. Gjerdingen (1990). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09135-8.
Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music (Musicologie générale et sémiologue, 1987). Translated by Carolyn Abbate (1990). ISBN 0-691-02714-5.
- D'Indy (1903).
- Goldman (1965). Harmony in Western Music.
Wilson, Paul (1992). The Music of Béla Bartók. ISBN 0-300-05111-5.