Guillaume Amontons

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Guillaume Amontons (August 31, 1663 - October 11, 1705) was a French scientific instrument inventor and  physicist.

Contents 1 Life 2 Work 2.1 Scientific instruments 2.2 Thermodynamics 2.3 Friction 3 Honours 4 Notes 5 Bibliography

[edit] Life

Guillaume was born in Paris, France. His father was a lawyer from Normandy who had moved to the French capital. While still young, Guillaume lost his hearing, which may have  motivated him to focus entirely on science. He never attended a university, but was able to study mathematics, the physical sciences, and  celestial mechanics. He also spent time studying the skills of drawing, surveying, and  architecture.

He died in Paris, France.

[edit] Work

He was supported in his research career by the government, and  was employed in various public works projects.

[edit] Scientific instruments

Among his contributions to scientific instrumentation were improvements to the barometer (1695), hygrometer (1687), and  thermometer (1695), particularly for use of these instruments at sea. He also demonstrated an  optical telegraph and  proposed the use of his clepsydra^[1] (water clock) for keeping time on a ship at sea.

[edit] Thermodynamics

Amonton investigated the relationship between pressure and  temperature in gases though he lacked  and  precision">accurate and  precise thermometers. Though his results were at best semi-quantitative, he established that the pressure of a gas increases by roughly one-third between the temperatures of cold and  the boiling point of water^[2]. This was a substantial step towards the subsequent gas laws and, in particular, Charles's law.

His work led him to speculate that a sufficient reduction in temperature would lead to the disappearance of pressure. Thus, he is  the first researcher to discuss the concept of an  absolute zero of temperature, a concept later extended and  rationalised by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin.

[edit] Friction

In 1699, Amontons published his rediscovery of the laws of friction first put forward by Leonardo da Vinci^[3]. Though they were received with some scepticism, the laws were verified by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1781^[4].

[edit] Honours

• Member, Académie des Sciences, (1690)
• The Amontons crater on the Moon is  named after him.

[edit] Notes

1. ↑ Amonton, G. (1695) Remarques et experiences physiques sur la construction d'une nouvelle clepsydre, Paris.
2. ↑ - (1699) "Method of substituting the force of fire for horse and  man power to move machines", Histoire et Mémoirs de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, p.112
3. ↑ - (1699) Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences avec led Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique, p.206
4. ↑ Bowden, F.P. & Tabor, D. (1950) The Friction and  Lubrication of Solids pp1, 87-89

[edit] Bibliography

• Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and  Technology, Isaac Asimov, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1972, ISBN 0-385-17771-2.
• Cardwell, D.S.L. (1971). From Watt to Clausius: The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age. Heinemann. ISBN 0-435-54150-1., pp18-19
• Amonton also published numerous papers.

çŕ==External links==

• The Galileo Project entry on which this biography is  partly based.
• Short biography, NNDB page

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../g/u/i/Guillaume_Amontons_46dd.html"

Categories: 1663 births | 1705 deaths | French inventors | French physicists | People with craters of the Moon named after them

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