இலண்டன்
கட்டற்ற கலைக்களஞ்சியமான விக்கிபீடியாவில் இருந்து.
இலண்டன், ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தினதும், இங்கிலாந்தினதும் தலைநகரமாகும். ஏழு மில்லியனுக்கு மேற்பட்ட குடித்தொகையைக் கொண்ட பெருநகர் இலண்டன், மாஸ்கோவுக்கு அடுத்ததாக ஐரோப்பாவின் இரண்டாவது பெரிய குடித்தொகை கொண்ட conurbation ஆகும். உரோம மாகாணமான பிரித்தானியாவின் தலைநகரமான லண்டனியம் ஆக இருந்து, பிரித்தானியப் பேரரசின் மையமாகத் திகழ்ந்த இலண்டன், இன்று ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் மொத்த உள்நாட்டு உற்பத்தியின் (GDP) 17% ஐப் பங்களிக்கின்றது. இது உலகின் நான்காவது பெரியதாகும். பல நூற்றாண்டுகளாக, இலண்டன், உலகின் முக்கியமான வணிக மற்றும் அரசியல் மையமாகத் திகழ்கின்றது.
Alternate view
பொருளடக்கம் |
[தொகு] அமைவிடம்
"லண்டன்" என்னும் சொல் பல நூறு ஆண்டுகளாகவே வரலாற்றுப் புகழ் பெற்ற மிடில்செக்ஸ், இங்கிலாந்து கவுண்டியிலிருந்த சிறிய நகரமான இலண்டனை மையமாகக் கொண்டிருந்த conurbation ஐக் குறிக்கப் பயன்பட்டு வந்தது. இன்று பொதுவாக இது பெரிய இலண்டன் (Greater London) என் அறியப்படுகின்ற நிர்வாகப் பிரதேசத்தையே குறித்தாலும், சிலவேளைகளில் இலண்டன் தபால் மாவட்டம், 020 என்னும் தொலைபேசிக் குறியீட்டு எண்ணால் குறிக்கப்படும் பகுதிகள், இலண்டனுக்கான முழு-வலயப் போக்குவரத்து அட்டைகள் பயன்படும் பகுதி, எம்25 மோட்டார்வாகனச் சாலைக்குள் அடங்கும் பகுதி போன்றவற்றையும் குறிக்கப் பயன்படுவதுண்டு.
இலண்டனின் மையத்தின் அமைவிடம், ((ட்)ரபல்கர் சதுக்கத்துக்கு அண்மையிலுள்ள Charing Cross எனக்கூறப்படுகின்றது) அண்ணளவாக 51°30' N, 0°8' W ஆகும்.
[தொகு] வரலாறு
தலைமைக் கட்டுரை: இலண்டனின் வரலாறு
லண்டினியம் எனூம் நகரம் கி. பி 50 ஆம் ஆண்டளவில் உரோமர்களால் தேம்ஸ் நதியின் வட கரையில் அமைக்கப்பட்டது. அவ்விடத்தில் உரோமருக்கு முந்திய பெரிய குடியிருப்புக்கள் இருந்ததற்கான ஆதாரங்களெதுவும் இல்லாவிடினும், இப் பெயர் உரோமருக்கு முன்னரே வழங்கப்பட்டதாகக் கருதப்படுகின்றது. இது இரண்டாம் நூற்றாண்டின் முற்பகுதியில் உரோம மாகாணமான பிரித்தானியாவின் தலைநகரமாக ஆனதாக நம்பப்படுகின்றது. உரோமப் பேரரசின் வீழ்ச்சிக்குப் பின்னர், இந்த நகரம் கைவிடப்பட்டு, லுண்டென்விக் என்னும் சக்சன் (Saxon) நகரமொன்று மேற்குத் திசையில், ஓரிரு மைல்களுக்கு அப்பால் அல்ட்விச் (Aldwych) பகுதியில் 7 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் நிறுவப்பட்டது. The fortified Roman City of London was reoccupied around the late 9th or early 10th century, whereafter it resumed its role as England's biggest city (although not its capital - Winchester served as capital until the 12th century). In 1666, a devastating fire swept through the city, destroying a large part of it. Re-building the city took over 10 years but by the 18th century London was the largest city in the world.
Over the years, London has increased dramatically in size, absorbing meadows, woodlands, villages and towns and spreading outwards in every direction. Outward growth has been physically interrupted (though by no means halted) through the definition of a Green Belt. In recent years development has been concentrated in the London Docklands and Thames Gateway areas of East London.
[தொகு] நவீன இலண்டன்
Today the Greater London administrative area comprises the City of London and 32 London boroughs including the City of Westminster. The City of London, also known as the "square mile", is predominantly the financial centre, and geographically a very small area. Although bustling during the working week, the City of London is usually much calmer on the weekends.
The London that most tourists see is Central London, which comprises the historic City of London, the West End with all its theatres, shops and restaurants, the City of Westminster and its Royal palaces, the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea with its museum quarter and Hyde Park and the newly emerging Bankside area of Southwark with the Globe Theatre, Tate Modern and other attractions.
In contrast, the East End has played host to successive waves of immigrants for centuries and contains some of the UK's most deprived areas. The Isle of Dogs is however witnessing unprecedented commercial change and many restaurants, music and comedy clubs are injecting a more varied atmosphere. See also gentrification. The East End is centred on the Borough of Tower Hamlets and Hackney.
[தொகு] குடித் தொகை
London was the most populous city in the world from 1825 until 1925, when it was overtaken by New York City.
Residents of London are known as 'Londoners'. On census day, 2001, the City and the 32 boroughs (some 1579 km2 or 610 sq miles) had 7,172,036 inhabitants, making London one of the most populous cities in Europe alongside Moscow, Istanbul and Paris.
In the 2001 census 71% of these seven million people classed their ethnic group as white, 10% as Indian, Bangladeshi or Pakistani, 5% as black African, 5% as black Caribbean, 3% as mixed race and 1% as Chinese. The largest religious groupings are Christian (58.2%) and No Religion (15.8%). 21.8% of inhabitants were born outside the European Union.
The London metropolitan area (6,267 sq miles, 16,043 sq kilometers) had a population of 13,945,000 - larger than the combined populations of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is the largest metropolitan area in Europe, and one of the World's largest 20. (external references: [1], [2])
[தொகு] அரசு
Greater London is divided into 32 London boroughs and the City of London, which are responsible for running most services in their respective areas.
The Greater London Authority (GLA) is the London-wide body responsible for co-ordinating the boroughs, and is responsible for running London-wide services such as emergency services, transport, and strategic planning.
The GLA consists of the elected Mayor of London and the elected London Assembly which scrutinises the mayor. The mayor is elected by the Supplementary Vote system while the assembly is elected by the Additional Member System.
The current mayor of London Ken Livingstone was elected as an independent candidate in 2000. Despite opposition from all the main political parties (and the press), his enormous popularity with Londoners made the election a foregone conclusion. Expelled from the Labour Party after standing against the official Labour candidate in the 2000 election, he was re-admitted in 2004, and was re-elected as Mayor under the Labour banner in the election later that year.
The GLA was established in 2000, and is a replacement body for the former Greater London Council (GLC) which was established in 1965 and abolished in 1986 after several high-profile clashes between the GLC (also then lead by Livingstone) and the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher.
Between 1986-2000 there was no central administrative body for London, and it was governed in piecemeal fashion by the individual boroughs and unelected agencies.
There is every likelihood that the Mayor and the Assembly will be in conflict with one or more Boroughs from time to time: they had each enjoyed "unitary status" and a fair degree of autonomy since the GLC was abolished.
Historically London was governed by the Metropolitan Board of Works (1855-1889) and then the London County Council (1889-1965).
[தொகு] போக்குவரத்து
[தொகு] விமான நிலையங்கள்
London City Airport, Heathrow, Biggin Hill, and Northolt lie within the London boundary. Of these, Heathrow is the city's principal airport and is also a major international hub. It is currently the busiest international terminal in the world, and a fifth terminal (with a sixth being proposed) is currently being built on the site.
Other airports, such as London Gatwick Airport, London Luton Airport, and London Stansted Airport, as well as those at Manston and Southend, incorporate "London" in their name, but the towns where they are situated (Crawley, Luton and Stansted respectively) lie in the Home Counties at some distance from London.
Special train stations built at Gatwick, Luton and Stansted help to offset their distance from the capital and thus spread scheduled airline services in a safe and manageable way across the region.
[தொகு] தொடர் வண்டி
Click picture above for larger version
The London public transport system is one of the few systems in the world to be a tourist attraction in its own right; its infrastructure, however, is, and historically has been, financially stretched and under-resourced, leading to frequent difficulties and delays in making journeys. However, in recent years the London Rail/Tram network has seen substantial spending.
London has a vast rail network, primarily split into four sections:
- Mainline
- Underground (known as the 'Tube')
- Tramlink
- Docklands Light Rail
Transport for London runs the London Underground (the world's first metro or underground rail network), also known as the Tube, Government proposals to place the Underground network under a "public-private partnership" arrangement have encountered widespread opposition.
All four parts of the rail network are being majorly upgraded and expanded to counter London's congestion problems, major examples including the Crossrail and Channel Tunnel Rail Link projects.
See also:
- London Underground
- Docklands Light Railway
- Tramlink
- Category: London's railways
- Rail transport in the United Kingdom
[தொகு] சாலைப் போக்குவரத்து
The famous red double decker buses are now run by private companies, although it is a requirement that the buses still be painted (mostly) red. However the famous "Routemasters" have now mostly been taken out of service. London is also famous for its black cabs.
Transport for London introduced a road pricing scheme called the Congestion Charge in February 2003, which is levied on traffic entering Central London during peak hours. The intention was to help alleviate chronic traffic congestion and initial indications are that traffic levels have dropped by over 10%.
[தொகு] நீர் வழிகள்
The River Thames flows through London on its way to the North Sea. The river is easily navigable and so London has historically been a major port.
London has several smaller rivers which feed into the River Thames. However, many of these rivers have been built over, and so now only exist in underground pipes (see Subterranean rivers of London).
London also has an extensive canal network, with important routes such as the Regent's Canal linking the Thames with other major rivers.
[தொகு] விளையாட்டு
London is home to 11 professional football clubs, which are named after the district in which they play (except for Arsenal, who play in Highbury). Those currently in the top division (the Premier League) are Arsenal, Charlton Athletic, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Fulham, and Tottenham Hotspur. The clubs outside the Premier League are Brentford, Millwall, Queens Park Rangers and West Ham United - all of whom have at one time played in the top division - plus Leyton Orient. Wimbledon F.C., in an extremely controversial move, left London in 2003 to play in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, changing their name to Milton Keynes Dons F.C., and the newly formed AFC Wimbledon inherited most of their support, despite playing at a much lower level in the football pyramid. London hosted the World Cup Final in 1966, the European Football Championship in 1996 and the European Cup final in 1968 & 1978.
London is also home to many major sporting venues including Lord's, home of Middlesex and the Marylebone Cricket Club, and The Oval, home of Surrey. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, which hosts the Wimbledon Championships, is based in Wimbledon. Twickenham is the home of English Rugby Union and Wembley Stadium, currently being rebuilt, is the home for international football and Rugby League. London hosts one of the world's largest mass-participation road races, the London Marathon.
London has twice hosted the Summer Olympics, in 1908 and 1948. It is one of the cities bidding to host the 2012 Games.
[தொகு] பண்பாடு
[தொகு] இசை
London has five professional symphony orchestras; the London Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the Philharmonia and the BBC Symphony Orchestra. It has the world-famous Royal Opera House and is home to the English National Opera, as well as boasting the Royal Festival Hall, the South Bank and Barbican Centre complexes, and St. John's, Smith Square.
[தொகு] நாடக அரங்குகள்
There are over a dozen major theatres, most concentrated in the West End (specifically, Theatreland) including the National Theatre, the London Palladium, the Almeida Theatre, and The Globe, which was the home stage of Shakespeare's troupe. London also boasts a vibrant fringe theatre culture including places such as the Battersea Arts Centre, The UCL Bloomsbury, The Place, and Tricycle Theatre.
[தொகு] கலை
There are many art galleries, such as The National Gallery and The National Portrait Gallery, Tate Britain and Tate Modern, Design Museum, White Cube, Saatchi Gallery, ICA, and the Dulwich Picture Gallery.
[தொகு] அரும்பொருட் காட்சிகங்கள்
The main museums include the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, Sir John Soane's house, now a museum of Georgian architecture, the Imperial War Museum, the National Maritime Museum, and London's Transport Museum. There are over 260 museums in London altogether.
[தொகு] இரவு-வாழ்க்கை
Apart from the ubiquitous pubs and generic clubs, there are a number of famous music venues including Shepherds Bush Empire, Brixton Academy, Hammersmith Apollo, Wembley Arena, The Marquee, The UCL Bloomsbury, Mean Fiddler, Albert Hall and the London Astoria.
[தொகு] வணிகம்
The City of London or "Square Mile" is the financial centre of London, with many banks and financial institutions.
While the Port of London is now only the third largest in the United Kingdom, rather than largest in the world, it still handles 50 million tonnes of cargo each year.
London's economy generates 116,444 million pounds annually, and accounts for 17% of the UK's Gross Domestic Product - see Economy of the United Kingdom. (external link London Development Authority).
Tourism is one of the UK's largest industries, and in 2003 employed the equivalent of 350,000 full time workers in London [3].
[தொகு] இலண்டனின் சுற்றுலா மையங்கள்
- இங்கிலாந்து வங்கி
- பக்கிங்ஹாம் மாளிகை
- பிரித்தானிய அரும்பொருட் காட்சியகம்
- Charing குறுக்குச் சாலை
- சைனாடவுன்
- கிளியோபாட்ராவின் ஊசி (Cleopatra's Needle)
- கொவெண்ட் தோட்டம்
- டவுனிங் சாலை
- ஹம்ப்டன் கோட் மாளிகை
- Horse Guards(Horse Guards)
- இம்பீரியல் போர் அருங்காட்சியகம்
- கென்சிங்டன் கூரைத் தோட்டங்கள்
- Kew தோட்டம்
- லீசெஸ்டர் சதுக்கம்
- The London Dungeon
- The London Eye
- Madame Tussaud's
- Monument to the Great Fire of London
- இலண்டன் அருங்காட்சியகம்
- தேசிய காட்சிக்கூடம் (National Gallery)
- இயற்கை வரலாற்று அருங்காட்சியகம்
- பழைய சத்திர சிகிச்சைக்கூட அருங்காட்சியகம்
- வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் மாளிகை (நாடாளுமன்ற அவைகள் மற்றும் tower containing Big Ben)
The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster which contains Big Ben - Piccadilly Circus
- Royal Courts of Justice
- Royal Greenwich Observatory
- Royal Parks of London
- St Paul's Cathedral
- Science Museum
- Soane Museum
- Tate Britain
- Tate Modern
- Temple of Mithras
China Town - Theatreland
- Tower Bridge
- Tower of London
- Trafalgar Square
- Victoria & Albert Museum
- Westminster Abbey
Other places of interest:
- The Old Bailey The Central Criminal Court with famous trials but inconvenient for the unprepared tourist since personal items prohibited include bags and mobile phones.
- Tyburn was the location for many infamous executions by hanging.
- Battersea Power Station and the Millennium Dome are two architecturally interesting buildings which currently stand empty, as no permanent use has been decided for them.
[தொகு] முக்கிய கண்காட்சிகள்
- 1851 - Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations -- The Crystal Palace
- 1862 - International Exhibition (1862)
- 1871 - First Annual International Exhibition (1871)
- 1872 - Second Annual International Exhibition (1872)
- 1873 - Third Annual International Exhibition (1873)
- 1874 - Fourth Annual International Exhibition (1874)
- 1886 - Colonial and Indian Exhibition (1886)
- 1899 - Greater Britain Exhibition (1899)
- 1908 - Franco-British Exhibition (1908)
- 1924 - British Empire Exhibition at Wembley (1924)
- 1951 - Festival of Britain
- 2000 - Millennium Dome
[தொகு] கலைகளில் இலண்டன்
[தொகு] இலண்டன் இடம்பெறும் இலக்கியங்கள்
London has been the setting for many works of literature. The two writers who are perhaps most closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, famous among other things for his eye-witness account of the Great Fire, and Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street-sweepers and pickpockets is a major influence on people's vision of early Victorian London.
Other famous works that feature London include A Journal of the Plague Year and Moll Flanders by Daniel Defoe, The Secret Agent by Joseph Conrad, the Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle, The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, The Apes of God by Wyndham Lewis, Down and Out in Paris and London by George Orwell, Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby and White Teeth by Zadie Smith. See London in fiction for the main article.
[தொகு] இலண்டன் இடம்பெறும் சினிமாக்கள்
London has been the backdrop for many films. Genres of note include Ealing comedy, gangster films and the romantic comedies of Richard Curtis. Many films have also been made based on books set in London, such as those of Charles Dickens and the Sherlock Holmes novels. See the article London in film for further details.
London is also home to a world-class post-production and special effects industry.
[தொகு] இலண்டன் இடம்பெறும் தொலைக்காட்சி நிகழ்ச்சிகள்
- Eastenders
- Only Fools and Horses
- Men Behaving Badly
- Spooks
- Ultraviolet
[தொகு] இவற்றையும் பார்க்கவும்
- Hidden London
- List of churches and cathedrals of London
- List of heads of London government
- List of places in London, England
- London in fiction
- London markets
- London postal districts
- Mayor of London
- Subterranean London
- Subterranean rivers of London
- Tall buildings in London
- University of London
- Photographs of London
[தொகு] வெளியிணைப்புகள்
வார்ப்புரு:Wikitravel
- The Open Guide to London is a project to document all of London in a wiki.
- London Guide London Guide on Englandguide.co.uk
- First chapter of the book "London: The Biography" by Peter Ackroyd
- Mayor of London, the London Assembly and the Greater London Authority official web site for the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. www.london.gov.uk
- London at NASA's Earth Observatory
- An Explanation of the Name of London (PostScript file)
- London from Evening Standard
- London Restaurants Guide.
- London Bars and Pubs Guide.
- London Directory
- more London Directories
- Transport for London Site
- London Underground The Tube
- Hotels in London
- London Hotels 2PL Network
- London travel guide at Wikitravel
- The Londinium directory of London
வார்ப்புரு:London
