सिक्किम
From विकिपीडिया
सिक्किम भारत के उत्तर में स्थित एक पर्वतीय प्रान्त है. इसकी सीमायें तिब्बत, भूटान, नेपाल और पश्चिम बंगाल के साथ लगती हैं. इसकी आबादी लगभग ५४०,४९३ (२००१) है. यहाँ की आधिकारिक भाषा नेपाली है. सिक्किम का भारत में १९७५ में विलय कर इसे भारत का २२ वाँ प्रान्त बनाया गया. सिक्किम की राजधानी गंगटोक है. अपने छोटे आकार के बावज़ूद भौगोलिक रुप से इस राज्य में काफी विविधता है. कंचनजंघा दुनिया की तीसरी सबसे ऊँची चोटी इसी राज्य में स्थित है.
| राजधानी | गंगटोक |
| भाषा | नेपाली, हिन्दी, लेपचा |
| राज्यपाल | वी. रामाराव |
| मुख्यमंत्री | पवन चामलिंग |
| क्षेत्रफल | 7,096km² |
| जनसंख्या - कुल - घनत्व |
|
| साक्षरता दर : - कुल |
६९.६८% |
अनुक्रमणिका |
[बदलें] इतिहास
सिक्किम भूटान और नेपाल के बीच स्थित एक स्वतंत्र क्षेत्र था. इस क्षेत्र की पहचान बौद्ध मठों और अपनी शानदार सांसकतिक परंपरा के लिये रही है. इस क्षेत्र के १९ वीं सदी से पहले का इतिहास अपने पड़ोसी नेपाल और भूटान से संघर्ष की कथाओं से भरा पड़ा है. १९ वीं सदी के बाद यह एक धनी हिमालयी राजशाही के रुप में उभरा. सिक्किम नेपाल के साथ गोरखा युद्ध में इंग्लैंड का महत्वपूर्ण साथी बना. १९७० में एक लोकप्रिय विद्रोह के फलस्वरुप यहाँ राजशाही का अंत हुआ और सिक्किम भारतीय संघ का हिस्सा बना.
Relations between the government of Sikkim and the new power in India, the British East India Company, were characterized by mistrust. The frontier between Sikkim and British territory in India had never been firmly demarcated, and indeed, its fixation was complicated by the 1817 treaties which left key Sikkimese border villages in great uncertainty. The Sikkim government protested to the Commissioner in British India about the collection of tax in the area of Morang, but to little effect.
In 1859, a pair of British doctors Campbell and Hooker ventured into the mountains of Sikkim unannounced and unauthorized by the Chogyal (king) of Sikkim. The doctors were detained by the Sikkim government, which led to a punitive British expedition against the Himalayan kingdom in which the whole of Darjeeling and Morang were annexed, in 1861, although the kingdom continued to exist as an independent rump state centered around the capital at Gangtok.
The Chogyals of Sikkim endeavoured to modernise their state in the succeeding decades, along with their army. A state visit to Darjeeling by the Chogyal Thutob Namgyal in 1873 failed to yield such results, and he returned to Gangtok disappointed. In 1886, the British, interested in trade with Tibet, launched a brief expedition into Sikkim. The Tibetans occupied several of Sikkim's northern border forts, and the Chogyal and his wife were held prisoner by the British when they came to negotiate at Calcutta. The British established new landholdings in Sikkim, but released the Chogyal only to have him captured again in 1891.
In 1895, the Chogyal was released, but the British governors in India reneged on an agreement - the Ten Clauses Agreement - which returned sovereignty to Sikkim. The governor of British India, Claude White, refused to return any sovereignty, and only let the Choygal retain the judiciary of Sikkim.
In 1905, the Prince of Wales - the future King George V - arrived in Calcutta on a state visit at which he met the Chogyal. The two made an excellent acquaintance and the Crown Prince of Sikkim, Sidkeong Tulku was sent to study at Oxford University. When Sidkeong came to power, he arranged widened sovereignty for Sikkim from King George's government and endorsed sweeping reforms in his short rule as Chogyal, which ended in 1914.
In 1918, Sikkim's independence in all domestic affairs was restored, and in the next decade she embarked on a policy to end social ills, outlawing gambling, child labor, and indentured service. A 1947 vote for Sikkim to join the Indian Union failed. Sikkim had retained guarantees of independence from Britain when she became independent, and such guarantees were transferred to the Indian government when it gained independence in 1947, and Prime Minister Nehru agreed to a special protectorate status for Sikkim. A state council was established in 1955 to allow for constitutional government for the Chogyal, which was sustained until 1973.
The last hereditary ruler, the Chogyal ("righteous ruler"), Palden Thondup Namgyal came to the throne in 1965. The old ruler Tashi Namgyal died in 1963 and the Crown Prince Palden Namgyal ascended the throne in 1964 who also died of cancer on 30th, Jan 1982 in America. Troubles arose in 1973, that had been brewing a year earlier, when the Sikkim National Congress demanded fresh elections and more representation for the Nepalese. Riots in front of the palace led to a request to India for protection, and the election of Kazi Lendup Dorji never popular with the Chogyal. An attempt was made by the Chogyal to block the meeting of the Legislature. The Kazi was elected by the Council of Ministers which was unanimous in its opposition to the retention of the Monarchy. Matter came to a head in 1975 when the Kazi appealed to the Indian Parliament for representation and change of status to statehood. On April 14, 1975, a referendum merged Sikkim with the union of India. Sikkim became the 22nd Indian State on April 26, 1975. The position of Chogyal was thus abolished, ending the monarchy.
The 1979 assembly election saw Nar Bahadur Bhandari being elected as the Chief Minister of Sikkim. He was returned to office in the election held in 1984 and 1989. In 1994 assembly election Pawan Kumar Chamling became the Chief Minister of Sikkim.
[बदलें] जिले
सिक्किम को चार जिलों में बाँटा गया है:-
- उत्तरी जिला (मांगन)
- दक्षिणी जिला (नामची)
- पूर्वी जिला (गंगटोक)
- पश्चिमी जिला (ग्यालशिंग)
[बदलें] आबादी
Major ethnic groups in Sikkim include the Lepcha, Bhutia (of Tibetan descent), and Nepalese. The largest ethnic group is the Nepalese, which constitute over 80 percent of the local population.
The Lepcha, a Sino-Tibetan people, are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of Sikkim. The Bhutia migrated southwards from Tibet in the 15th century, and soon established themselves as the ruling class and dominant ethnic group. They constitute about 16 percent of the local population today.
However the demographics of Sikkim changed in the 19th century when the British encouraged the migration of Nepalese into Sikkim to help develop the tea industry. As a result the Nepalese form the majority of the population today.
The 20th century saw further changes in Sikkim's population makeup, due to immigration of more Nepalese, Tibetan refugees, and individuals of other Indian ethnic groups (many of the latter being Indian-provided bureaucrats).
[बदलें] राजनीति
[बदलें] बाहरी कड़ियाँ
यह लेख एक सबस्टब है । सबस्टब एक साधारण स्टब से भी छोटा होता है । इसे बढाकर आप विकिपीडिया की मदद कर सकतें हैं ।
| भारतीय संघ के राज्य |  |
|---|---|
| अरुणाचल प्रदेश | असम | उत्तर प्रदेश | उत्तरांचल | उड़ीसा | आंध्र प्रदेश | कर्नाटक | केरल | गोआ | गुजरात | छत्तीसगढ़ | जम्मू और कश्मीर | झारखंड | तमिलनाडू | त्रिपुरा | दिल्ली | नागालैंड | पश्चिम बंगाल | पंजाब | बिहार | मणिपुर | मध्य प्रदेश | महाराष्ट्र | मिज़ोरम | मेघालय | राजस्थान | सिक्किम | हरियाणा | हिमाचल प्रदेश | |
| केन्द्रीय सरकार द्वारा शासित संघ-शासित प्रदेश: अंदमान और निकोबार द्वीप | चंडीगढ़ | दमन और दीव | दाद्रा और नगर हवेली | पॉण्डिचेरी | लक्षद्वीप |
