Schwa

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For schwa as a letter, see Ə.

For the underground conceptual artwork of Bill Barker, see Schwa (art).

IPA – number	322
IPA – text	ə
IPA – image
Entity	ə
X-SAMPA	@
Kirshenbaum	@
Sound sample (help·info)

In linguistics, specifically phonetics and phonology, schwa can mean:

• An unstressed and toneless neutral vowel sound in any language, often but not necessarily a mid-central vowel. Such vowels are often transcribed with the symbol <ə>, regardless of their actual phonetic value.
• The mid-central vowel sound (rounded or unrounded) in the middle of the vowel chart, stressed or unstressed. In IPA phonetic transcription, it is written as <ə>. In this case the term mid-central vowel may be used instead of schwa to avoid ambiguity. See Mid central unrounded vowel.
• The Latin letter ə and the Cyrillic letter ә.

[edit] The term

The word "schwa" is from the Hebrew word שְׁוָא (šěwā’, /ʃəˈwa/), meaning "nought"—it originally referred to one of the niqqud vowel points used with the Hebrew alphabet, which looks like a vertical pair of dots under a letter. This sign has two uses: one to indicate the schwa vowel-sound and one to indicate the complete absence of a vowel. These uses do not conflict because schwa is, in Hebrew, an epenthetic vowel, the equivalent of "no vowel at all".

Sometimes the term "schwa" is used for any epenthetic vowel; however, different languages use different epenthetic vowels.

[edit] The Schwa as a neutral vowel

Schwa is the most common vowel sound in English, the unstressed vowel in many unstressed syllables,

• like the 'a' in about [əˈbaʊt] and sofa [sofə]
• like the 'e' in taken [ˈteɪkən] and the [ðə] (if before a consonant)
• like the 'i' in pencil [ˈpɛnsəl]
• like the 'o' in eloquent [ˈɛləkwənt] and convince [kənˈvɪns]
• like the 'u' in circus [ˈsɝkəs]
• like the 'y' in sibyl [ˈsɪbəl]

Many British English (BrE) dialects have two schwa sounds, whereas many American English (AmE) dialects have only one. Schwa is a very short neutral vowel sound, and like all vowels, its precise quality varies depending on the adjacent consonants. In most varieties of English, schwa mostly occurs in unstressed syllables (exceptions including BrE concerted), but in New Zealand English and South African English the high front lax vowel (as in the word bit) has shifted open and back to sound like schwa, and these dialects include both stressed and unstressed schwas. In General American, schwa is one of the two vowel sounds that can be rhotacized. This sound is used in words with unstressed "er" syllables, such as dinner.

Quite a few languages have a sound similar to schwa. It is similar to a short French unaccented e, which in that language is rounded and less central, more like an open-mid or close-mid front rounded vowel. It is almost always unstressed, though Albanian, Bulgarian, and Afrikaans are three languages that allow stressed schwas. Many Caucasian languages and some Uralic languages (e.g. Komi) also use phonemic schwa, and allow schwas to be stressed. In the Dutch language, the vowel of the suffix -lijk, as in waarschijnlijk (probably) is pronounced as a schwa. In the Eastern dialects of Catalan, including the standard language variety, based in the dialect spoken in and around Barcelona, an unstressed "a" or "e" is pronounced as a schwa (called "vocal neutra", "neutral vowel"). In the dialects of Catalan spoken in the Balearic Islands, a stressed schwa can occur.

Other spellings of the sound include ė in Lithuanian, ă in Romanian, and ë in Albanian.

[edit] Schwa Indogermanicum

Main article: Laryngeal theory

The term "schwa" is also used for vowels of uncertain quantity (rather than neutral sound) in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. It was observed that, while for the most part a in Latin and Ancient Greek corresponds to a in Sanskrit, there are instances where Sanskrit has i while Latin and Greek have a, such as pitar (Sanskrit) vs pater (Latin and Ancient Greek). This postulated "schwa indogermanicum" evolved into the theory of the so-called laryngeals. Most scholars of Proto-Indo-European would now postulate three different phonemes rather than a single indistinct schwa. Some scholars postulate yet more, to explain further problems in the Proto-Indo-European vowel system. Most reconstructions of *-ə- in older literature would correspond to *-h₂- in contemporary notation.