Constituencies of Singapore
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The constituencies of Singapore are electoral divisions in the politics of Singapore which may be represented single or multiple seats in the Parliament of Singapore. Constituencies are classified as single member constituencies (SMCs) and Group representation constituencies (GRCs) for single-seat and multiple-seat constituencies respectively.
In 1988, the ruling People's Action Party amended the Parliamentary Elections Act to create GRCs and to move away from the single member constituency system.[1] GRCs started out at a size of 3 in 1988 but have steadily grown bigger in subsequent elections.
The current act enables the President, who is generally under advice of the Elections Department, to create a GRC from 3 to 6 electoral wards. In each GRC, at least one candidate or MP must be from a minority race — either a Malay, Indian or Other. The lack of transparent separation of powers between the Elections Department and the ruling party has led the opposition to accuse the government of gerrymandering.
GRCs operate with a plurality voting system, meaning that the party with the largest share of votes wins all seats in the GRC. All Singaporean GRCs have had a People's Action Party (PAP) base. Some opposition parties have won seats in SMCs, but never in a GRC.
The official justification for GRCs is to allow minority representation. However, opposition parties have criticized GRCs as making it even more difficult for independent and opposition members to get elected, as a single strong candidate will find it very difficult to win and a steep group deposit of at least S$67,500 (S$13,500 per candidate) is required to stand for election. The opposition has also charged the government with gerrymandering GRC boundaries at very short notice, and "stuffing" otherwise weak GRCs with cabinet ministers. Many PAP MPs have also entered parliament by being placed in a Minister's GRC and so have never faced a vote.
Critics have noted that Joshua Benjamin Jeyaratnam won the 1981 Anson by-election in a Chinese-majority constituency, and that since the GRC system was implemented, minority representation in Parliament has actually declined.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Parliamentary Elections Act. Singapore Statutes Online. Retrieved on 2006-05-08.
| edit | Constituencies of Singapore |  |
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| Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs)
Aljunied (5) | Ang Mo Kio (6) | Bishan-Toa Payoh (5) | East Coast (5) | Holland-Bukit Timah (5) | Hong Kah (5) | Jalan Besar (5) | Jurong (5) | Marine Parade (6) | Pasir Ris-Punggol (6) | Sembawang (6) | Tampines (5) | Tanjong Pagar (6) | West Coast (5) |
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| Single Member Constitutencies (SMCs)
Bukit Panjang | Chua Chu Kang | Hougang | Joo Chiat | MacPherson | Nee Soon Central | Nee Soon East | Potong Pasir | Yio Chu Kang |
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| Former or defunct constituencies Cheng San (5)
Alexandra | Aljunied | Ang Mo Kio | Anson | Ayer Rajah | Bedok | Bedok (4) | Bo Wen | Boon Lay | Boon Teck | Braddell Heights | Bras Basah | Brickworks | Brickworks (4) | Bukit Batok | Bukit Gombak | Bukit Ho Swee | Bukit Merah | Bukit Timah | Bukit Timah (5) | Buona Vista | Cairnhill | Changi | Changkat | Cheng San | Cheng San (5) | Chong Boon | Clementi | Crawford | Delta | Eunos | Eunos (4) | Farrer Park | Fengshan | Geylang East | Geylang Serai | Geylang West | Havelock | Henderson | Holland-Bukit Panjang (5) | Hong Kah | Hong Lim | Jalan Besar | Jalan Kayu | Jurong | Kaki Bukit | Kallang | Kampong Chai Chee | Kampong Glam | Kampong Glam (4) | Kampong Kapor | Kampong Kembangan | Kampong Ubi | Katong | Kebun Baru | Khe Bong | Kim Keat | Kim Seng | Kolam Ayer | Kreta Ayer | Kreta Ayer-Tanglin (4) | Kuo Chuan | Leng Kee | Marine Parade | Moulmien | Mountbatten | Nee Soon | Nee Soon South | Pasir Panjang | Pasir Panjang (3) | Pasir Ris (4) | Paya Lebar | Punggol | Punggol-Tampines | Queenstown | Radin Mas | River Valley | Rochore | Seletar | Sembawang | Sepoy Lines | Serangoon Gardens | Siglap | Stamford | Southern Islands | Tampines | Tanah Merah | Tanglin | Tanjong Pagar | Teck Ghee | Telok Ayer | Telok Blangah | Thomson | Thomson (4) | Tiong Bahru (3) | Toa Payoh | Toa Payoh (3) | Ulu Bedok | Ulu Pandan | Upper Serangoon | West Coast | Whampoa | Yuhua
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