X-SAMPA

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The Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995年 by 約翰·克利斯多佛·威爾斯(John C. Wells), professor of 语音学 at the 倫敦大學. It was designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the 國際音標.

The result is a SAMPA-inspired recasting of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.

[编辑] 概要

[编辑] 註記

若原本的國際音標是沒有加上修飾的小寫字母，在 X-SAMPA 中則會使用相同的字母。
X-SAMPA 利用後加反斜線來當作逃逸字元，以便產生新的符號，例如 O 和 O\ 代表了兩個不同的符號，兩者亦沒有任何關係。（請注意，一些人造語言創作者會感到使用星記號比使用反斜線更方便，例如 O*）。
X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for ~ for 鼻化音, = for 音節化（元音化）, and ` for 卷舌音 and R音性母音, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character _.
The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar.
The numbers _1 to _6 are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.

[编辑] 小寫符號

XS	IPA（Unicode）	發音方法	例子
`a`	a	開前舌非圓唇母音	法語的 dame [`dam`], 西班牙語的adre [`"paD4e`]
`b`	b	濁雙唇塞音	英語的 bed [`bEd`], French bon [`bO~`]
`b_<`	ɓ	濁雙唇內破裂音
`c`	c	清顎塞音	Hungarian latyak [`"lAcAk`]
`d`	d	濁齒齦塞音	English dig [`dIg`], French doigt [`dwa`]
d`	ɖ	濁卷舌塞音	Swedish hord [hu:d`]
`d_<`	ɗ	voiced alveolar implosive
`e`	e	close-mid front unrounded vowel	French ses [`se`]
`f`	f	voiceless labiodental fricative	English five [`faIv`], French femme [`fam`]
`g`	ɡ	voiced velar plosive	English game [`geIm`], French longue [`lO~g`]
`g_<`	ɠ	voiced velar implosive
`h`	h	voiceless glottal fricative	English house [`haUs`]
`h\`	ɦ	voiced glottal fricative
`i`	i	close front unrounded vowel	English be [`bi:`], French oui [`wi`], Spanish si [`si`]
`j`	j	palatal approximant	English yes [`jEs`], French yeux [`j2`]
`j\`	ʝ	voiced palatal fricative	Greek γειά [`j\a`]
`k`	k	voiceless velar plosive	English cat [`k{t`], Spanish carro [`"kar:o`]
`l`	l	alveolar lateral approximant	English lay [`leI`], French mal [`mal`]
l`	ɭ	retroflex lateral approximant	Svealand Swedish sorl [so:l`]
`l\`	ɺ	alveolar lateral flap	Japanese phoneme `/r/`
`m`	m	bilabial nasal	English mouse [`maUs`], French homme [`Om`]
`n`	n	alveolar nasal	English nap [`n{p`], French non [`nO~`]
n`	ɳ	retroflex nasal	Swedish hörn [h2:n`]
`o`	o	close-mid back rounded vowel	French gros [`gRo`]
`p`	p	voiceless bilabial plosive	English leap [`li:p`], French pose [`poz`], Spanish perro [`"per:o`]
`p\`	ɸ	voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanese fuku [`p\M_0kM`]
`q`	q	voiceless uvular plosive	Arabic qasbah [`"qQs_Gba`]
`r`	r	alveolar trill	Spanish perro [`"per:o`]
r`	ɽ	retroflex flap
`r\`	ɹ	alveolar approximant	English red [`r\Ed`]
r\`	ɻ	retroflex approximant
`s`	s	voiceless alveolar fricative	English seem [`si:m`], French session [`se"sjO~`]
s`	ʂ	voiceless retroflex fricative	Swedish mars [mas`]
`s\`	ɕ	voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish świerszcz [`s\v'ErStS`]
`t`	t	voiceless alveolar plosive	English too [`tu:`], French raté [`Ra"te`], Spanish tuyo [`"tujo`]
t`	ʈ	voiceless retroflex plosive	Swedish mört [m2t`]
`u`	u	close back rounded vowel	English boom [`bu:m`], Spanish su [`su`]
`v`	v	voiced labiodental fricative	English vest [`vEst`], French voix [`vwa`]
`v\` (or `P`)	ʋ	labiodental approximant	Dutch west [`v\Est`]/[`PEst`]
`w`	w	labial-velar approximant	English west [`wEst`], French oui [`wi`]
`x`	x	voiceless velar fricative	Scots loch [`lQx`]
`x\`	ɧ	voiceless palatal-velar fricative	Swedish sjal [`x\A:l`]
`y`	y	close front rounded vowel	French tu [`ty`] German über [`"y:b6`]
`z`	z	voiced alveolar fricative	English zoo [`zu:`], French azote [`a"zOt`]
z`	ʐ	voiced retroflex fricative
`z\`	ʑ	voiced alveolo-palatal fricative	Polish źrebak [`"z\rEbak`]

[编辑] 大寫符號

XS	IPA	Description	Example
`A`	ɑ	open back unrounded vowel	English father [`"fA:D@`(`r\`)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
`B`	β	voiced bilabial fricative	Spanish lavar [`la"Ba4`]
`B\`	ʙ	bilabial trill	Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr")
`C`	ç	voiceless palatal fricative	German ich [`IC`], English human [`"Cum@n`] (broad transcription uses [`hj`-])
`D`	ð	voiced dental fricative	English then [`DEn`]
`E`	ɛ	open-mid front unrounded vowel	French même [`mEm`], English met [`mEt`]
`F`	ɱ	labiodental nasal	English emphasis [`"EFf@sIs`] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [`Emf`-])
`G`	ɣ	voiced velar fricative	Greek γωνία [`Go"nia`], Danish vælge [`"vElG@`]
`G\`	ɢ	voiced uvular plosive
`G\_<`	ʛ	voiced uvular implosive
`H`	ɥ	labial-palatal approximant	French huit [`Hi`]
`H\`	ʜ	voiceless epiglottal fricative
`I`	ɪ	near-close near-front unrounded vowel	English kit [`kIt`]
`I\`	Ɨ	central lax close unrounded vowel, not in IPA
`J`	ɲ	palatal nasal	Spanish año [`"aJo`], English canyon [`"k{J@n`] (broad transcription uses [-`nj`-])
`J\`	ɟ	voiced palatal plosive	Hungarian egy [`EJ\`]
`J\_<`	ʄ	voiced palatal implosive
`K`	ɬ	voiceless alveolar lateral fricative	Welsh llaw [`KaU_^`]
`K\`	ɮ	voiced alveolar lateral fricative
`L`	ʎ	palatal lateral approximant	Italian famiglia [`fa"miLa`], Castilian llamar [`La"mar`], English million [`"mIL@n`] (broad transcription uses [-`lj`-])
`L\`	ʟ	velar lateral approximant	English phoneme `/5/`
`M`	ɯ	close back unrounded vowel	Korean 으 (eu)
`M\`	ɰ	velar approximant	Spanish fuego [`"fweM\o`]
`N`	ŋ	velar nasal	English thing [`TIN`]
`N\`	ɴ	uvular nasal	Japanese san [`saN\`]
`O`	ɔ	open-mid back rounded vowel	British English thought [`TO:t`], American English off [`O:f`]
`O\`	ʘ	bilabial click
`P` (or `v\`)	ʋ	labiodental approximant	Dutch west [`PEst`]/[`v\Est`], allophone of English phoneme `/r\/`
`Q`	ɒ	open back rounded vowel	British English lot [`lQt`]
`R`	ʁ	voiced uvular fricative	French roi [`Rwa`]
`R\`	ʀ	uvular trill	German phoneme `/r/`
`S`	ʃ	voiceless postalveolar fricative	English ship [`SIp`]
`T`	θ	voiceless dental fricative	English thin [`TIn`]
`U`	ʊ	near-close near-back rounded vowel	English foot [`fUt`]
`U\`	ʊ̵	central lax close rounded vowel, not in IPA
`V`	ʌ	open-mid back unrounded vowel	English strut [`str\Vt`]
`W`	ʍ	voiceless labial-velar fricative	Scots when [`WEn`]
`X`	χ	voiceless uvular fricative	Welsh bach [`baX`]
`X\`	ħ	voiceless pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ha’ [`X\?`]
`Y`	ʏ	near-close near-front rounded vowel	German hübsch [`hYpS`]
`Z`	ʒ	voiced postalveolar fricative	English vision [`"vIZ@n`]

[编辑] 其它符號

XS	IPA	Description	Example
`.`	.	syllable break
`"`	ˈ	primary stress
`%`	ˌ	secondary stress
`'` (or `_j`)	ʲ	palatalized
`:`	ː	long
`:\`	ˑ	half long	Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
`-`		separator
`@`	ə	schwa	English arena [@"r`i:n@]
`@\`	ɘ	close-mid central unrounded vowel
`{`	æ	near-open front unrounded vowel	English trap [`tr\{p`]
`}`	ʉ	close central rounded vowel	Swedish sju [`x\}:`]
`1`	ɨ	close central unrounded vowel	Welsh tu [`t1`], American English rose's [`"r\oUz1z`]
`2`	ø	close-mid front rounded vowel	Danish købe [`"k2:b@`], French deux [`d2`]
`3`	ɜ	open-mid central unrounded vowel	English nurse [`n3:s`] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.)
`3\`	ɞ	open-mid central rounded vowel
`4`	ɾ	alveolar flap	Spanish pero [`"pe4o`], American English better ["bE4@`]
`5`	ɫ	velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see `_e`	English milk [`mI5k`]
`6`	ɐ	near-open central vowel	German besser [`"bEs6`], Australian English mud [`m6d`]
`7`	ɤ	close-mid back unrounded vowel	Estonian kõik [`k7ik`], Occurs in Vietnamese
`8`	ɵ	close-mid central rounded vowel	Swedish buss [`b8s`]
`9`	œ	open-mid front rounded vowel	French neuf [`n9f`], Danish drømme [`dR9m@`]
`&`	ɶ	open front rounded vowel
`?`	ʔ	glottal stop	Danish stød [`sd2?`], Cockney English bottle [`"bQ?l`]
`?\`	ʕ	voiced pharyngeal fricative	Arabic ‘ayn
`*`		undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor", used by some conlangers instead of `\`
`/`		indeterminacy in French vowels
`<`		begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA)
`<\`	ʢ	voiced epiglottal fricative
`>`		end nonsegmental notation
`>\`	ʡ	epiglottal plosive
`^`	↑	upstep
`!`	↓	downstep
`!\`	ǃ	postalveolar click
`\|`		minor (foot) group
`\|\`	ǀ	dental click
`\|\|`		major (intonation) group
`\|\\|\`	ǁ	lateral alveolar click
`=\`	ǂ	palatal click
`-\`	̮	linking mark

[编辑] 附加符號

XS	IPA	Description
`_"`	̈	centralized
`_+`	̟	advanced
`_-`	̠	retracted
`_/`	ˇ	rising tone
`_0`	̥	voiceless
`_<`		implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
`=` (or `_=`)	̩	syllabic
`_>`	ʼ	ejective
`_?\`	ˤ	pharyngealized
`_\`	ˆ	falling tone
`_^`	̯	non-syllabic
`_}`	̚	no audible release
`	˞	rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see t` for an example)
`~` (or `_~`)	̃	nasalization
`_A`	̘	advanced tongue root
`_a`	̺	apical
`_B`	̏	extra low tone
`_B_L`		low rising tone
`_c`	̜	less rounded
`_d`	̪	dental
`_e`	̴	velarized or pharyngealized; also see `5`
`<F>`		global fall
`_F`	̂	falling tone
`_G`	ˠ	velarized
`_H`	́	high tone
`_H_T`		high rising tone
`_h`	ʰ	aspirated
`_j` (or `'`)	ʲ	palatalized
`_k`	̰	creaky voice
`_L`	̀	low tone
`_l`	ˡ	lateral release
`_M`	̄	mid tone
`_m`	̻	laminal
`_N`	̼	linguolabial
`_n`	ⁿ	nasal release
`_O`	̹	more rounded
`_o`	̞	lowered
`_q`	̙	retracted tongue root
`<R>`		global rise
`_R`	̌	rising tone
`_R_F`		rising falling tone
`_r`	̝	raised
`_T`	̋	extra high tone
`_t`	̤	breathy voice
`_v`	̬	voiced
`_w`	ʷ	labialized
`_X`	̆	extra-short
`_x`	̽	mid-centralized