LSAT

维基百科，自由的百科全书

LSAT(Law School Admission Test)是法学院入学考试的缩写。它是由位于美国宾西法尼亚州的法学院人学委员会(Law School Admission Council)负责主办的法学院人学资格考试。几乎所有的美国和加拿大法学院都要求申请人参加LSAT考试。LSAT考试共有五个部分（包含一个不记分的供入学委员会评估用的评测部分），包括三个方面的内容，每部分时间为35分钟，另加30分钟的写作。三个方面的内容是阅读理解、逻辑推理及分析推理，主要测试考生下列几方面的能力：

准确阅读并理解复杂文章的能力
组织有关信息并得出合理结论的能力
批判性地推理能力
对他人的推理进行分析和评价的能力

[编辑] LSAT考试时间及评价标准

LSAT考试每年举办四次，分别在二月、六月、十月及十二月。中国大陆地区12月份在北大有固定考试。6月份是否在北京大學设考点需视当年报名情况而定。部分中国大陆地区考生会选择在六月份到香港参加在那里举办的LSAT考试。

LSAT考试满分为180分，最低分为120分，其计算方法是根据选择的正确的答案的数目来确定。选对25个左右，分数大概为130分;选对39个左右，分数大概为140分；选对55个，分数大致为150分；选对72个，分数为160；选对87个，分数为170分；选对98个以上，分数为满分180分。一般好的学校要求的成绩都在160分以上。考试成绩一般在考后五周左右由主办机构寄出，LSAT成绩在5年内有效。

许多法学院都要求学生在每年的12月份参加LSAT考试以便能赶上第二年秋季入学。

LSAT考试的注册费用是$90，延迟注册需加$54美元。

[编辑] LSAT阅读

阅读理解部分包括4篇文章，其中每篇文章大约为400-600个单词，有6-8个问题，4篇文章共有28个问题。从事题类型上来看，一般来讲，阅读理解问题的类型有以下几种：

有关中心思想的问题。这类问题主要涉及贯穿全文的主旨。通常采取以下方式提问
- the main idea of the passage is ...
- the authors primary purpose in this passage is to ...
- which of the following is the main point of the passage?
- the author is primarily concerned with...
有关作者态度的问题。这类问题主要涉及作者在文中的态度。通常采用下列方式提问：
- the tone of the passage can best be described as...
- the author views his subject with ...
- which of the following best describes the authors attitude toward...
有关推论型的问题。这类问题主要涉及从文章中提供的实施的出相应的结论。通常采用下列方式提问：
- the passage implies that...
- the author uses the phrase to mean ...
- the passage suggests that ...
- which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
有关逻辑结构的问题。这类问题主要涉及整个文章的组织结构。通常采取下列方式提问
- the author develops his argument in which of the following ways?
- the author proceeds primarily by ...
有关文章中某一具体实施的问题。这类问题主要涉及文章中已经明确提出的有关事实。
- the author mentions which of the following ?
- according to the author
有关使用新的情况的问题
- with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?
- the author would probably consider which of the following a good example of her theory

解题技巧

考试开始后，先用1-2分钟的时间阅读每篇文章的第一句话，根据其难易进行排列
内容比较熟悉的文章先做。
语言抽象晦涩或者专业性强的后做。
如果看不动文章的前几句话，先放弃这篇文章。
问题多的文章可以先做。
文章长短并不表明其难易
每篇文章有5-6个段落，每一个段落又一个中心思想，一般是第一句或最后一句
一般来讲，有maybe, could possibly, might等的答案可能是正确的。带有never,always,must,exactly,impossible的答案是错误的-----仅供参考

[编辑] LSAT逻辑推理

逻辑推理试题共有两个部分，每部分有 24~ 26道试题。一般每道题都有一篇小的短文或对话，然后针对此短文或对话提出问题。短文或对话涉及的范围很广，包括哲学、文学、政治、科技、艺术、历史、体育等等。逻辑推理试题主要测试考生的以下能力，

确定中心思想
找出推理中的假设
从已知事实或前提得出合理结论
确定推理的准则并将之应用于新的论证
确定推理的方法或结构
找出推理的错误及误解
确定新的事实或论证对现有论证或结论的加强或削弱
对论证进行分析

试题类型

逻辑推理实体的类型一般包括以下几种：

1. 有关结论的问题：

The term "pit bull" does not designate a breed of dog, as do the terms "German shepherd"and "poodle. " It is like the terms "Seeing-Eye dog" and "police dog," which designate dogs according to what they do. If you take two German shepherds and place them side by side, you cannot tell by appearance alone which is the police dog and which is the Seeing-Eye dog.

Which one of the following is the main point of the passage? (A) German shepherds can be pit bulls. (B) Pit bulls can be distinguished from other kinds of dogs. (C) A dog is pit bull because of what it does, not because of its breed. (D) German shepherds can function both as police dogs and as Seeing-Eye dogs. (E) Some breeds of dogs cannot be distinguished from other breeds of dogs by appearance alone.

答案(C)

2. 有关推论的问题

Below is an excerpt from a letter that a medical school sent to an applicant: We regret that we will not be offering you a position at our school. The committee has beenforced to reject many highly qualified applicants because we must restrict our class size to fewerthan 200 students.

Which one of the following can be logically inferred from the information in the letter above?

(A) Only highly qualified applicants were accepted by the medical school. (B) The applicant was considered to be highly qualified. (C) The school had already taken its maximum number of students. (D) Most of the applicants were highly qualified. (E) The qualifications of applicants were not the only factor affecting admissions.

答案(E)

3. 有关架设的问题

Schools that train students in technical skills for a specific field of work are more successful,as measured by the percentage of students that gain employment in full-time jobs in the six-month period following graduation, than are institutions that teach a liberal arts curriculum.

Technical schools have a student employment rate of approximately 65 percent, whereas liberalarts schools have a rate of only 56 percent. This difference reveals that technical schools are moreeffectively meeting the challenge of providing education than are liberal arts schools.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the above argument rests?

(A) Schools will not accurately report information if they believe that information will re-flect poorly on them. (B) The curriculum of a school can be evaluated by examining the number and types of job placements achieved by its students. (C) The percentage of students that gain employment following graduation is a measure- ment of that schools ability to provide education. (D) The sole function of education is to help students gain employment. (E) Technical schools and liberal arts schools serve different educational purposes.

答案(C)

4.有关加强(Strengthen)论证的问题。

Journalistic criticism of literature is falling victim to its own efforts to justify its existence.Critics believe that garner respect from their readers by ignoring objective description in favor ofapinionated commentary. Any new work is given the briefest of summaries, and then mercilesslyarved up in an effort to divine its deeper meaning. But the best journalist simply presents factsand allows his audience to decide their meanings independently. Critics should convey the truestpossible form of the works in question; let the art, and not the art critic, speak to us.

Which one of the following statements best lends support to the argument presented above?

(A) Liberals make all new work available to the interested public without regard to critical opinions. (B) Because space is limited, it is not practical to reproduce completely every work that is criticized in print.

[编辑] LSAT分析推理

分析推理部分一般分四组，共有24个问题。每组里面的每一个问题都基于一系列的条件，这些条件共同描述一种情况，例如，把人分成几组，把物品按顺序排列等等。

这部分试题主要测试考生理解有关关系结构并推出结论的能力。

一、试题类型

1、分配问题（Assignment）

Six campers：Alice, Betty, Carmen, Dora, Gina, and Harriet are arranging a dish-washing schedule for the six days of their camping trip so that each of them will wash dishes only one day.Betty washes either on day 2 or day 6.

If Alice washes on day I , Carmen washes on day 4; Carmen does not wash on day 4 unless Alice washes on day 1.

If Alice washes on day I, Harriet washes on day 5; Harriet does not wash on day 5 unless Ailice washes on day 1.

If Gina does not wash on day 3, Alice washes on day 3.

If Alice washes on day 4, Dora washes on day 5.

If Betty washes on day 2, Gina washes on day 5.

If Harriet washes on day 6, Dora washes on day 4.

( I ) Which one of the following is an acceptable order in which the campers can wash dishes from the first to the last day? (A) Dora, Betty, Alice, Gina, Carmen, Harriet (B) Betty, Alice, Harriet, Carmen, Gina, Dora (C) Harriet, Gina, Betty, Carmen, Dora, Alice (D) Carmen, Betty, Alice, Dora, Gina, Harriet (E) Alice, Betty, Dora, Carmen, Gina, Harriet

(2) If Dora washes on day 6, on which day does Carmen wash? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

Answer: 1.D 2.A

2、有关排列次序的问题

3、有关编组的问题

4、有关空间分布的问题

二、解题技巧

在解答每一组问题时，将其作为一个单元。分析推理问题要求考生分析一组复杂的条件，并且在做该组试题时，将上述条件牢记在心。因此，要将每一组问题作为一个单元，并且尽量将本组试题做完。在前一组问题全部做完以前，不要做下一组问题;因为等你回过头来再熟悉前一组问题的条件时会浪费很多时间。但是，在每一组问题里面，可以先做容易的，然后再做较难的。一般来说，句子里有"if,must"等词的可以先做，有"coule,except,cannot"等词的可以后做。
解题时尽可能多使用简写字和符号。分析推理试题初看可能感觉关系复杂，但是掌握一些简写技巧后，就比较清楚了。比如人名、物品等可以用其第一个字母表示。

[编辑] LSAT写作

LSAT考试中的作文是不记入总分的，法学院在录取时，对于作文的分数只是作为参考。有的学校对于作文成绩非常看中，但有的学校则看都不看。为了保险期间，大家还是认真写吧。

写作部分时间为 35 分种，其内容是，就给定的题目中的两种观点选择一个，并加以阐述。写作部分不计人总分，只作为参考。

写作时应注意以下问题:

选择一种观点。在两种观点中选定一种，围绕这种观点展开论述。
阐述观点时，既要陈述支持所选择观点的理由，也要陈述反对另一种观点的理由。在两方面的对比申说明该选择的观点正确。
文章应包括五个段落。第一段说明两者之中选择其一，中间三段阐述选择的理由，最后一段作出结论。
写作应自然流畅，观点要明确，不要使用简写或缩写词。

2005年6月的LSAT考试对不计分的写作环节进行了调整：写作时间由30分钟变为35分钟，书写的纸由一张变为两张，同时还修改了答题指导。现在考生将被随机分配两种题目中的一种。在这两种中，有一种是新题型。写作部分将依然保持不计分。

写作练习

Valerie, a first-year graduate student in mathematics, needs a part-time job, and competition for jobs in the small town where her university is located is keen. With the following considerations in mind, write an argument supporting one of Valeries two job offers over the other:

Valerie wants the income from her job to minimize the money she must borrow for living expenses. Valerie wants the job to interfere with her graduate program as little as possible.

The universitys Undergraduate Learning Center has offered Valerie a job tutoring groups of students taking introductory mathematics courses. Valerie has been assigned five 1:00 PM to 5:00 PM sessions, for which she will receive $160 per week. The ULC also provides free individual tutoring for students in advanced mathematics courses who request it. As a graduate student employee, Valerie would be eligible to serve as an individual tutor, in addition to her regular sessions, for which she would receive $15 per hour. The schedule of this job will require her to make changes in the courses she had planned to take this semester. She will also miss the afternoon office hours that most professors set aside to work individually with graduate students.

Milanos, a local restaurant has offered Valerie a job as a food server. She will work Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday nights each week, starting at 5:00 PM. The salary is $130 per week plus tips, which can range anywhere from $80 to $140 for four nights of work. Milanos is often crowded on Friday and Saturday nights but rarely during the week. A server at Milanos told Valerie that although the restaurants kitchen closes at 11:00 PM, servers must stay until all customers have left, which can be midnight or later. Valeries most demanding class meets at 8:00 AM. Wednesdays and Fridays and cannot be rescheduled. Taking this job also means that she must give up the evening meetings of her study group.