康沃爾公爵
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康沃爾公爵在英國貴族當中是第一個公爵爵位。然而也是在聯合王國當中唯二的兩個仍然存在的公國：康沃爾公國，另外一個則是蘭開斯特公國。但是自從1413年，蘭開斯特公爵爵位與王位合併後，再也沒有出現過蘭開斯特公爵。
現任的康沃爾公爵則是英國女王伊麗莎白二世的長子威爾斯親王查爾斯。
[编辑] 歷史
See also: Legendary Dukes of Cornwall
According to legend, Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall under King Uther Pendragon, rebelled against the latter's rule when the king became obsessed with Gorlois' wife Igraine. Uther killed Gorlois and married Igraine; the result of the union was the future King Arthur.
康沃爾公爵爵位永遠是屬於英國國君的長子。康沃爾是英格蘭王國的第一個公爵爵位，在1336年，英格蘭國王愛德華三世冊封長子黑太子爱德华為首任康沃爾公爵。但是在愛德華尚未繼承王位就過世後，其公爵爵位再度冊封給他的兒子，也就是未來的理查二世。在1421年規定：康沃爾公爵直接授予英國國君的長子。
倘若英國國君的長子過世，其長子的兒子無法直接繼承公爵爵位。然而，倘若長子並無子嗣，則由英國國君的次子獲得爵位。基於這些準則，只有英國國君的兒子可能成為康沃爾公爵，縱使孫子是王位繼承人，則孫子也沒有權力繼承公爵爵位。但有可能王位繼承人擁有威爾士親王的頭銜，但沒有康沃爾公爵爵位。像乔治二世得王位繼承人乔治三世，在尚未繼承王位之前為威爾士親王，但是並沒有康沃爾公爵的頭銜，因為他是國王的孫子，並非兒子。
In 1856 Sir George Harrison successfully argued that the Duchy enjoyed the rights and prerogatives of a County palatine, that it was extraterritorial to England and that the Duke has rights over the whole territory of Cornwall befitting a King.
In 1969-71 the Kilbrandon Report into the British constitution recommended that official sources properly refer to the country of Cornwall as a Duchy and not merely a county. This is in recognition of its special constitutional position.
自從-{zh-cn:卡米拉;zh-tw:卡蜜拉;zh-hk:卡米拉}-嫁給威爾士親王後，-{zh-cn:卡米拉;zh-tw:卡蜜拉;zh-hk:卡米拉}-的頭銜就是康沃爾公爵夫人殿下，而非威爾士王妃。
[编辑] 康沃爾公國
Traditionally, the Duke of Cornwall is entitled to receive certain feudal dues. The current Duke received his dues at Launceston Castle in 1973, which included a pair of white gloves, a pair of greyhounds, a pound of pepper and cumin, a pair of gilt spurs, one hundred silver shillings, a bow, a spear and firewood. The Duke of Cornwall is also entitled to the income of the Duchy's lands to cover the cost of his public functions. Should there be no Duke of Cornwall at any time, the income of the Duchy goes to the Crown. The Duchy includes over 570 square kilometres of land, half of which lies in Devon.
The Duke also has some rights over the territory of Cornwall, the county, and for this and other reason there is debate as to the constitutional status of Cornwall. The High Sheriff of Cornwall is appointed by the Duke, not the monarch, in contrast to the other counties of England and Wales. The Duke has the right to the estates of all those who die without named heirs (intestate) in the whole of Cornwall, outside of Cornwall such estates go to the Crown. This is known as Bona Vacantia and applies to treasure trove in Cornwall as well. A sturgeon caught elsewhere in Britain is ceremonially offered to the monarch, while in Cornwall it is offered to the Duke. The Duke has right of wreck on all ships wrecked on Cornish shores, but in most of England this is the right of the Crown.
在2003年，公國賺了£9,943,000, a sum that was exempt from income tax though the Prince of Wales elected to pay the tax voluntarily. The Duke of Cornwall is still being given many unique statutory "privileges, exemptions, powers, rights and authority" in Cornwall, (Tamar Bridge Act 1998, s.41, and other Acts) on account of his "birth" for personal profit. (ECHR Article 14). In the remaining part of the United Kingdom Crown land is managed by a public body for public benefit. They comprise, the Duchy of Lancaster (Duchy of Lancaster Act 1988), and "The Crown Estate (which) has no holdings in Cornwall". (Their letter: 5th January 2005).
These public bodies are, significantly, unlike the Duchy of Cornwall, statutorily obliged to be involved in the provision of public services and are not under the direct control of the Monarch as the beneficiary of a portion of the proceeds.
[编辑] 歷代康沃爾公爵
| 康沃爾公爵 | 父/母親 | 開始 | 結束 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 黑太子爱德华 | 愛德華三世 | 1337 (議會) | 1376 (過世) |
| 波爾多的理查 | 黑太子爱德华 | 1376 (國王特許) | 1377 (後來的理查二世) |
| 蒙茅斯的亨利 | 亨利四世 | 1399 (議會) | 1413 (後來的亨利五世) |
| 亨利六世 | 亨利五世 | 1421 (出生) | 1422 (後來的亨利六世) |
| 西敏的愛德華 | 亨利六世 | 1453 (出生) | 1471 (過世) |
| 金雀花的愛德華 | 愛德華四世 | 1470 (特許) | 1483 (後來的愛德華五世) |
| Edward, Earl of Salisbury | 理查三世 | 1483 (父親繼位) | 1484 (過世) |
| 亞瑟·都鐸 | 亨利七世 | 1486 (出生) | 1502 (過世) |
| 約克公爵亨利·都鐸 | 亨利七世 | 1502 (兄長亞瑟過世) | 1509 (後來的亨利八世) |
| 康沃爾公爵亨利 | 亨利八世 | 1511 (出生) | 1511 (過世) |
| 康沃爾公爵亨利 | 亨利八世 | 1514 (出生) | 1514 (過世) |
| 亨利 | 亨利八世 | 1534 (出生) | 1534 (過世) |
| 愛德華 | 亨利八世 | 1536 (出生) | 1536 (過世) |
| 愛德華·都鐸 | 亨利八世 | 1537 (出生) | 1547 (後來的愛德華六世) |
| 羅撒西公爵亨利 | 詹姆斯一世 | 1603 (父親繼位) | 1612 (過世) |
| 約克公爵查爾斯·斯圖亞特 | 詹姆斯一世 | 1612 (兄長亨利過世) | 1625 (後來的查理一世) |
| 查爾斯·詹姆斯·斯圖亞特 | 查理一世 | 1629 (出生) | 1629 (過世) |
| 查爾斯·斯圖亞特 | 查理一世 | 1630 (出生) | 1649 (後來的查理二世) |
| 詹姆斯·法蘭西斯·愛德華·斯圖亞特 | 詹姆斯二世 | 1688 (出生) | 1689 (父親退位) |
| 喬治·奧古斯都 | 喬治一世 | 1714 (父親繼位) | 1727 (後來的喬治二世) |
| 腓特烈·路易斯 | 喬治二世 | 1727 (父親繼位) | 1751 (過世) |
| 喬治·奧古斯都·弗雷德里克 | 喬治三世 | 1762 (出生) | 1820 (後來的喬治四世) |
| 艾爾伯·愛德華 | 維多利亞女王 | 1841 (出生) | 1901 (後來的愛德華七世) |
| 喬治 | 愛德華七世 | 1901 (父親繼位) | 1910 (後來的喬治五世) |
| 愛德華 | 喬治五世 | 1910 (父親繼位) | 1936 (後來的愛德華八世) |
| 威爾斯親王查爾斯 | 伊麗莎白二世 | 1952 (母親繼位) | 現任 |
Additional details appear in Cokayne, George Edward, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, A. Sutton, Gloucester, 1982. [orig. 13 volumes, published by The St. Catherine Press Ltd, London, England from 1910-1959; reprinted in microprint: 13 vol. in 6, Gloucester: A. Sutton, 1982 ]
