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口蹄疫

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Picornaviruses
病毒分类
族: Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Picornaviridae
Aphthovirus
Foot-and-mouth disease virus

口蹄疫英語Foot-and-mouth disease,有时称hoof-and-mouth disease)是的一种非致命的病毒传染病。它也可以感染鹿、山羊、绵羊和其它偶蹄动物,比如刺猬人類感染病例則非常少。1897年,Friedrich Loeffler首先揭示口蹄疫起因为病毒。他将感染动物的血液穿过良好的瓷玻璃过滤器,发现收集到的液体还能够在健康动物中致病。

口蹄疫在全球许多地区(包括欧洲非洲亚洲南美洲)都有发生。虽然迄今(2005年5月)包括加拿大美国,和澳大利亚在内的一些国家已经有一段时间没有病例被报道,但该病的大范围蔓延及迅速的传播还是引起了国际社会的广泛关注。2001年英国爆发的口蹄疫导致了该国境内大量的牲畜被屠宰。在此期间,诸如Ten Tors等一系列的体育赛事和休闲运动也纷纷被取消. (详见2001 UK foot and mouth crisis).

[编辑] 症状

对于畜类, 口蹄疫的症状主要是二至三天后快速下降的高烧; 口中的水疱导致粘性或泡沫状唾液的过度分泌并流淌出口外; 足部的水泡有可能破裂并导致残废. 成年动物感染後可能会伴有数月无法恢复的体重减轻,以及成年雄性动物的睾丸肿胀, 对于母牛, 牛奶产量会明显减少. 虽然大部分动物得病後可自行恢复, 但该疾病严重时亦可能导致心肌炎(心脏肌肉感染)或死亡, 对于新生动物特别如此. 一些受感染动物可能没有症状, 它们不会出现发烧或是任何得病症状; 但这些动物也是口蹄疫载体, 它们同样会传染该疾病.

口蹄疫的感染发生一般是地域性的, 这就是说, 病毒通过直接接触受感染的动物传播给易感染动物, 或者通过被污染的钢笔或运输牲畜的货车. 动物管理人(如农场工人)的外衣或皮肤, 动物接触过的水,和未煮过的食物碎屑以及包含感染动物产品的饲料添加剂都可能是病毒的携带源. 特别的, 母牛可以通过公牛精液传染上口蹄疫. 对其的控制可以是隔离或销毁受感染的牲畜, 以及禁止向未有感染疫情的国家出口动物肉类以及相关动物产品.

口蹄疫是由小核糖核酸病毒科的一种口蹄疫病毒属的病毒引起的. The members of this family are small (25-30 nm), nonenveloped icosahedral viruses that contain single-stranded RNA (ribonucleid acid, the viral genetic material). When such a virus comes in contact with a host cell, it binds to a receptor site and triggers a folding-in of the cell membrane. Once the virus is inside the host cell, its protein coat dissolves. New viral RNA and components of the protein coat are then synthesized in large quantities and assembled to form new viruses. After assembly, the host cell lyses (bursts) and releases the new viruses.

人类可能通过接触受感染动物而罹患口蹄疫, 但这种情况很罕见. 因为口蹄疫病毒对胃酸敏感, 所以人类通常不会通过食用肉类感染口蹄疫病毒. 在英国, 最後一次确认人类罹患口蹄疫是在1967年, 在欧洲大陆, 非洲以及南美也只有很少感染案例. 口蹄疫感染人类的症状包括不舒服, 发烧, 呕吐, 口腔组织发生红色溃疡腐烂(表面腐蚀性水疱), 偶有皮肤小水疱. 对于人类, 值得注意的是, 该症状与另外一种病毒疾病的症状类似, 那种疾病通常称为“手足口病”,更频繁地发生在人类身上, 特别是小儿; 那种疾病是由小核糖核酸病毒科的另一种病毒引起, 它是一种称为柯萨奇A病毒的肠道病毒. 因为口蹄疫很少传染人类但在动物间会以非常快的速度传染,所以它对农畜业的危害比对人类健康的危害要大的多. 位于世界各地的农民当口蹄疫疫情流行时可能一年的损失高达10亿美圆, 其更将导致大量畜类被销毁以及来自牛奶与肉类产品收入的巨幅减少.

[编辑] 相关书目

Levy, Jay A., Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, and Robert A. Owens. "Picornaviridae." Chap. 2, section 2.2 in Virology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994.

A Manufactured Plague: The History Of Foot-and-mouth Disease In Britain (2004, ISBN 1844070808) by Abigail Wood, a veterinary researcher at the University of Manchester.[1]

The Lab-On-Site Project has more information in Foot and Mouth Disease Virus.

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