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卡邁克爾數

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數論上,卡邁克爾數是正合成數n,且使得對於所有跟n互質的整數bb^{n-1} \equiv 1 \pmod{n}

目录

[编辑] 概觀

費馬小定理說明所有質數都有這個性質。在這方面,卡邁克爾數和質數十分相似,所以它們稱為偽質數

因為這些數的存在,使得费马素性检验變得不可靠。不過,它仍可用於證明一個數是合成數。另一方面,隨着數越來越大,卡邁克爾數變得越來越少,1至1017有585 355個卡邁克爾數。

卡邁克爾數的一個等價的定義在Korselt定理(1899年)出現:一個正合成數n是卡邁克爾數,若且唯若n無平方數因數且對於所有n質因數pp − 1 | n − 1

這個定理即時說明了所有卡邁克爾數是奇數

Korselt雖然發現了這些性質,但不能找到例子。1910年羅伯特·丹尼·卡邁克爾找到了第一個兼最小的有這樣性質的數——561。561 = 3 \times 11 \times 17,無平方数因数,且2|560 ; 10|560 ; 16|560 。

之後的卡邁克爾數:(OEIS:A002997

1105 = 5×13×17 (4 | 1104, 12 | 1104, 16 | 1104)
1729 = 7×13×19 (6 | 1728, 12 | 1728, 18 | 1728)
2465 = 5×17×29 (4 | 2464, 16 | 2464, 28 | 2464)
2821 = 7×13×31 (6 | 2820, 12 | 2820, 30 | 2820)
6601 = 7×23×41 (6 | 6600, 22 | 6600, 40 | 6600)
8911 = 7×19×67 (6 | 8910, 18 | 8910, 66 | 8910)

J. Chernick 在1939年證明的一個定理,可以構造卡邁克爾數的一個子集

對於正整數(6k + 1)(12k + 1)(18k + 1),若其三個因數都是質數,它是卡邁克爾數。

保羅·艾狄胥猜想有無限個卡邁克爾數,1994年 William Alford 、 Andrew Granville 及 Carl Pomerance 證明了這個命題。

此外,對於足夠大的n,1至n之間有至少n2 / 7個卡邁克爾數。

1992年Löh和Niebuhr找到一些很大的卡邁克爾數,其中一個有1 101 518 個因數且有多於1.6 \times 10^7個位。

[编辑] 性質

卡邁克爾數有至少3個正質因數。以下是首個k個正質因數的卡邁克爾數,k=3,4,5,...:(OEIS:A006931

k
3 561 = 3×11×17
4 41041 = 7×11×13×41
5 825265 = 5×7×17×19×73
6 321197185 = 5×19×23×29×37×137
7 5394826801 = 7×13×17×23×31×67×73
8 232250619601 = 7×11×13×17×31×37×73×163
9 9746347772161 = 7×11×13×17×19×31×37×41×641

以下是首十個有4個質因數的卡邁克爾數:(OEIS:A074379

i
1 41041 = 7×11×13×41
2 62745 = 3×5×47×89
3 63973 = 7×13×19×37
4 75361 = 11×13×17×31
5 101101 = 7×11×13×101
6 126217 = 7×13×19×73
7 172081 = 7×13×31×61
8 188461 = 7×13×19×109
9 278545 = 5×17×29×113
10 340561 = 13×17×23×67

[编辑] 更高階的卡邁克爾數

[编辑] 參考

不完全翻譯自英文版。

  • Chernick, J. (1935). On Fermat's simple theorem. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 45, 269–274.
  • Ribenboim, Paolo (1996). The New Book of Prime Number Records.
  • Howe, Everett W. (2000). Higher-order Carmichael numbers. Mathematics of Computation 69, 1711–1719. (online version)
  • Löh, Günter and Niebuhr, Wolfgang (1996). A new algorithm for constructing large Carmichael numbers(pdf)
  • Korselt (1899). Probleme chinois. L'intermediaire des mathematiciens, 6, 142–143.
  • Carmichael, R. D. (1912) On composite numbers P which satisfy the Fermat congruence a^{P-1}\equiv 1\bmod P. Am. Math. Month. 19 22–27.
  • Erdős, Paul (1956). On pseudoprimes and Carmichael numbers, Publ. Math. Debrecen 4, 201 –206.
  • Alford, Granville and Pomerance (1994). There are infinitely many Carmichael numbers, Ann. of Math. 140(3), 703–722.
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